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PT 631 Neuroanatomy > Neurodevelopment > Flashcards

Neurodevelopment Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 events of neurodevelopment

A

neuralation, vesiculation, migration, cytodifferentiation, synaptic connections

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2
Q

how many days after conception does the pre-embyronic stage begin/last

A

1-14

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3
Q

what is the main purpose of the pre-embryonic stage

A

cell division

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4
Q

is the highway that cells migrate along in the neural tube

A

radial glial cells

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5
Q

what is the timeline for the embryonic stage

A

day 15 - 8th week

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6
Q

formation of 3 primary germinal layers

A

gastrulation

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7
Q

what are the 3 germinal layers that are formed during embryonic stage

A

ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle), endoderm (inner)

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8
Q

what structures does ectoderm form

A

epidermis, nervous system, pharyngeal arches, muscles of mastication and swallowing, structures of inner ear

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9
Q

what structures does mesoderm form

A

dermis, connective tissue, vascular structures, bone marrow, internal organs (heart and kidneys), myotomes, dermatomes, sclerotomes, urogenital system

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10
Q

what structures does endoderm form

A

respiratory, gut, liver, pancreas

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11
Q

formation of neural tube

A

neuralation

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12
Q

what days does neuralation occur

A

18-26

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13
Q

what starts the process of neulation

A

notocord

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14
Q

the notocord comes from which layer

A

mesoderm

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15
Q

development in which the neural tube forms after notocord has signaled for the start of this process, what is the order of formation of the structures

A

neural plate plate, neural grove, neural tube, neuropores

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16
Q

development in which the neural tube forms after notocord has signaled for the start of this process, what is the order of formation of the structures

A

neural plate plate, neural grove, neural tube, neuropores

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17
Q

neural crest forms CNS or PNS

A

PNS

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18
Q

neural tube forms CNS or PNS

A

CNS

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19
Q

which neuropore begins brain formation/precursor brain

A

superior

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20
Q

formation of the brain

A

vesciluation

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21
Q

around what day does vesiculation occur

A

28

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22
Q

what are the 3 enlargements called during vesiculation

A

vesciles

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23
Q

what are each of the 3 ventricles called during vesiculation

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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24
Q

what structures will form from the hindbrain

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum

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25
Q

what structures will form from the forebrain

A

cerebral hemispheres, thalamus

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26
Q

openings at either end of the neural tube

A

neuropores

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27
Q

what day does the superior neuropore typically close at

A

25

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28
Q

what day does the inferior neuropore typically close at

A

27

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29
Q

failure of neuropores to close at all or at the appropriate time can lead to

A

neural deficits (hydrocephalus, anencephaly, myelomenigocele)

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30
Q

what layer do neural crest cells arise from

A

ectoderm (neuroectoderm)

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31
Q

segmentation of body regions

A

somites

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32
Q

what layer do somites come from

A

mesoderm

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33
Q

are somites related to CNS or PNS structures

A

PNS

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34
Q

precursor brain forms from which end of neuropore

A

superior neuropore

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35
Q

spinal cord develops from which end of neural tube

A

inferior neuropore

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36
Q

vesiculation of the neural tube results in the development of CNS structures (brain and spinal cord) during which weeks

A

3-5

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37
Q

why do the names of the brain change during vesiculation week 3-5

A

changes in structure and function

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38
Q

telencephalon and diencephalon

A

forebrain

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39
Q

olfactory (smell), hippocampus (memory storage), cerebrum (association/intelligence0)

A

forebrain (Telencephalon)

40
Q

optic vessel (vision/retina), epithalmus (pineal gland), thalamus (relay center for optin and auditory neurons), hypothalamus (temp, breathing regluation, sleep)

A

forebrain (diencephalon)

41
Q

fiber tracts between anterior and posterior brain, optic lobes, and tectum

A

midbrain

42
Q

metencephalon and myelencephalon

A

hind brain

43
Q

cerebellum (coordination of complex muscular movements), pons (fiber tracts between cerebrum and cerebellum)

A

Hindbrain (metencephalon)

44
Q

medulla (reflex center of involuntary activities

A

hindbrain (myelencephelon)

45
Q

what weeks does the fetal stage occur

A

8-40

46
Q

Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin

A

schwann cells

47
Q

Type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocytes

48
Q

what are the 5 things that occur during fetal stage

A

cell proliferation, migration, cell aggregation, cell differentiation, synaptic connections

49
Q

dependent on DNA coding, growth factors, hormones, cell-to-cell interactions

A

cell proliferation

50
Q

cells develop further into their function; neurons and glial cells develop from neuroblasts inside the neural tube

A

cell proliferation

51
Q

what drives cell proliferation to form neurons and glial cells

A

DNA

52
Q

when do most neurons develop (85-100 billion)

A

5th week and 5th month

53
Q

support cells

A

glial cells

54
Q

differentiated functions of various CNS structures is dependent of proper acquisition of the right position for each neuron

A

cell migration

55
Q

help neurons migrate from germinal layer of neuroepithelium to their target locations

A

radial glial cells

56
Q

what do radial glial cells degenerate/transform into after migration is complete

A

astrocytes

57
Q

what is the speed of cell migration

A

tens of micrometers per hour

58
Q

somites differentiate into these three layers

A

sclerotome, myotome, dermatome

59
Q

vertebrae and skull

A

sclerotome

60
Q

skeletal muscle

A

myotome

61
Q

dermis

A

dermatome

62
Q

what cells migrate via cell adhesion molecules in extracellular matrix/”piggy back” on cell walls of other migrating cells

A

neural crest

63
Q

the predetermined blueprint that guides neurodevelopment

A

DNA encoding

64
Q

where does DNA encoding occur in each cell

A

nucleus

65
Q

what two intra and extracellular factors cause activation/suppresion of genes that guide DNA encoding

A

homeobax genes (HOX genes) and growth factors

66
Q

control time sequence of development events by switching other genes on/off; “windows of opportunity” that allow development to proceed normally at specific time period, signaling cells release signaling molecules that tell other cells how to proceed; target cells receive these enzymes and encoded message

A

homeobox genes

67
Q

signaling molecules

A

growth factors

68
Q

proteins and enzymes that bind with specific receptor molecules on designated target cells

A

growth factors

69
Q

growth factors direct what two processes

A

induction and apoptosis

70
Q

target cell differentiation into different types of cells

A

induction

71
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

72
Q

during what processes does the brain make more synaptic connections than needed

A

cell migration and synaptogenesis

73
Q

once cells have migrated to their proper DNA encoded position they form nuclear or laminar arrangements called

A

functional aggregates

74
Q

in the spinal cord and brainstem cells aggregate into vertical columns known as _____ in a somatotopical organization

A

fiber tracts

75
Q

cortical structures also aggregate into somatotopical arrangements (2 names)

A

motor and sensory homunculus

76
Q

formation of synapses

A

Synaptogenesis

77
Q

insures the main function of the nervous system can occur which is communication

A

Synaptogenesis

78
Q

what things drive synaptogenesis (path finding)

A

DNA, mechanical routing, protein, chemicals, electrical

79
Q

mechanical routing (ex: radial glial cells)

A

sterotropism

80
Q

via protein mediators on axonal membranes (ex: piggy backing)

A

contact guidance

81
Q

chemical attraction between axon and target membranes

A

chemotropism

82
Q

electrical activity along axonal and target membranes steer axons in desired directions

A

galvanotropism

83
Q

selective apoptosis weeds out weaker synapses in order to make room for more complex ones to develop

A

synaptic pruning

84
Q

during what time period does myelination occur

A

fetal 4th month until 2 y/o (and beyond)

85
Q

axons will not be fully functions until they are fully _____

A

myelinated

86
Q

times in development when axons are competing for synaptic sites

A

critical periods

87
Q

example of critical period

A

language

88
Q

nervous system damage that occurred perinatally may not be evident until the damaged system would have been normally become functionally

A

growing in deficit

89
Q

during what period is the CNS most susceptible to major malformations/developmental disorders

A

day 14 - week 20

90
Q

what are the 5 classifications of CP classified by motor dysfunction

A

spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, hypotonic, mixed

91
Q

permanent non-progressive damage to developing brain

A

cerebral palsy

92
Q

no vertebral formation to protect spinal cord

A

Myelomeningocele (spina bifida)

93
Q

myelomeningocele occurs when the _____ neuropore fails to close

A

inferior

94
Q

myelomeningocele occurs when there is a materal deficit of

A

folic acid

95
Q

no brain, no protection form skull or meninges

A

anencephaly

96
Q

anencephaly occurs due to failure of ____ neuropore to close

A

superior

97
Q

anencephaly usually occurs due to

A

chromosomal abnormalities

PT 631 Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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