Translation

Question 1

Initiation/ start codon

Answer 1

AUG

Question 2

Anticodon of the start/ initiation codon

Answer 2

UAC

Question 3

3 stop/ terminating codons

Answer 3

UGA
UAG
UAA

Question 4

is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain

Answer 4

Translation

Question 5

read mRNA three bases or 1 codon at a time and construct the proteins

Answer 5

Ribosomes

Question 6

Ribosomes are composed of rRNA (____) and proteins (____)

Answer 6

rRNA 40%

proteins 60%

Question 7

three sites for tRNA attachment —

Answer 7

E, P and A

Question 8

holds the aatRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added

Answer 8

A site

aminoacyl-tRNA site

Question 9

holds the tRNA molecule carrying the growing polypeptide chain

Answer 9

P site

peptidyl-tRNA site

Question 10

where tRNA molecules leave the ribosome

Answer 10

E site

Exit site

Question 11

Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino acid

Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the anticodon

Answer 11

Transfer RNA

tRNA

Question 12

is an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its tRNA

Answer 12

AMINOACYL-TRNA SYNTHETASE

Question 13

catalyzes the esterification of a specific amino acid to one of its compatible tRNAs to form an aminoacyl-tRNA

Answer 13

AMINOACYL-TRNA SYNTHETASE

Question 14

Once the tRNA is______, a ribosome can transfer the amino acid from the tRNA onto a growing peptide, according to the genetic code

Answer 14

charged

Question 15

tRNA with amino acid attached to it

Answer 15

Charged/ loaded tRNA

Question 16

THREE PHASES OF TRANSLATION

Answer 16

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Question 17

starts with mRNA binds to a small ribosomal subunit, positioning the initiating codon AUG in the P site

An activated tRNA with a complementary anticodon to the codon AUG attaches to it through base pairing

The resulting complex then interacts with a large ribosomal subunit to complete the formation of an initiation complex

Answer 17

Initiation

Question 18

The mRNA moves a codon at a time relative to the ribosome

A tRNA pairs with each codon, adding an amino acid to the growing polypeptide

A _______ causes the mRNA-ribosome complex to fall apart

Answer 18

Elongation

STOP codon

Question 19

requires energy

Ribosome moves:
tRNA from P site to E site: leaves ribosome

tRNA from A site to P site: polypeptide returns to P site, ready for next polymerization

A site is now empty
next aatRNA can bind

Answer 19

Translocation

Question 20

At stop codon a protein called ________ binds to A site (no tRNA for stop codon, thus no aatRNA)

Release factor:
adds of_____ molecule instead of amino acid to polypeptide

polypeptide hydrolyzed from tRNA in P site and released

Translation complex disassembles

Answer 20

Termination

release factor - adds water

Question 21

The end products of protein synthesis is a ______ structure of a protein

A sequence of amino acid bonded together by______ bonds

Answer 21

primary structure of a protein

peptide

Question 22

Met residue is removed by hydrolysis

second hydrolysis reaction releases the polypeptide chain from its tRNA carrier

Some covalent modification of a protein can occur, such as the formation of disulfide bridges between cysteine residues

Completion of the folding of polypeptides into their active conformations occurs

Answer 22

POST-TRANSLATION PROCESSING