Nucleic Acids Prt. 2 Flashcards
1
Q
is the biochemical process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves
A
DNA replication
2
Q
DNA has to be copied______ a cell divides
A
before
3
Q
DNA is copied during the _______ phase of interphase
A
S or synthesis phase
4
Q
New cells will need identical
A
DNA strands
5
Q
4 phases of mitosis
A
PMAT
6
Q
Phases of Interphase
A
G1, S phase, and G2
7
Q
Division of cell cytoplasm
A
Cytokineses
8
Q
Nucleus separates
A
Telophase
9
Q
bonds between the sugar and base
A
beta n glycosidic
10
Q
Bonds between sugar and phosphate
A
Phosphodiester bonds
11
Q
Bonds between base pairings
A
Hydrogen bonds
12
Q
Bases common in DNA and RNA
A
Cytosine
Adenine
Guanine
13
Q
Base unique in DNA
A
Thymine
14
Q
Base unique in RNA
A
Uracial
15
Q
DNA backbone is made up of
A
Sugar phosphate backbone
16
Q
Purine bases
A
Adenine
Guanine
17
Q
Pyrimidine bases
A
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
18
Q
Base + sugar
A
Nucleoside
19
Q
Polymer of nucleotides
A
Nucleic acids
20
Q
Two strands of DNA run off opposite directions
A
Antiparallel
21
Q
How many hydrogen bonds between Guanine and Cytosine
A
3 hydrogen bonds
22
Q
How many hydrogen bonds between Adenine and Thymine
A
2 hydrogen bonds
23
Q
What is the base pairing rule called?
A
Chargaff rule
24
Q
3 DNA replication models
A
Conservative
Semi-conservative
Dispersive
25
Two parental strands came back together after replication
Conservative
26
One new and old strand in a newly synthesized double stranded DNA
Semi-conservative
27
All 4 strands post-replication have a mixture of old and new DNA
Dispersive
28
suggested that there could be three possible ways in which DNA could replicate..
Max Delbruck
29
DNA replication that produces two daughter DNAs, one of which consists of two original strands whereas the other daughter DNA consists of two newly synthesised strands.
Conservative
30
DNA replication that produce two copies of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) each containing one old strand and one new strand
Semiconservative
31
DNA replication in which the original dsDNA undergoes fragmentation, the fragments synthesize complementary structure both of which assemble to form two replicas.
Dispersive
32
DNA replication model used (correct)
Semi-conservative
33
● new strand is 1/2 parent template
● 1/2 new DNA
Semi-conservative
34
Enzymes and proteins in DNA replication
1. Helicase
2. Single Stranded Binding Protein (SSBP)
3. Primase
4. DNA Polymerase
5. DNA Ligase
35
breaks the hydrogen bonds of the parent DNA strands at the replication forks, which gives two separate DNA strands.
Helicase
36
Helicase breaks what type of bond?
Hydrogen bonds
37
attach to the separated parent strands
to keep them apart and the bases exposed.
Single-strand binding proteins
38
is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand
Leading Strand
39
is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 5' end
Lagging Strand
40
5' to 3'
Leading Strand
41
3' to 5'
Lagging Strand
42
synthesizes short RNA segments called primers that are starting points for DNA polymerase.
Primase
43
The primer is made up of what?
RNA
44
catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester linkages on the new DNA strands between the 3' ends of the growing chains and available complementary nucleotides (dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP).
DNA polymerase
45
DNA polymerase adds
nucleotides continuously in the ______ direction to a growing DNA chain.
5' to 3'
46
In the lagging strand, at each primer, DNA polymerase forms short, separate segments called (__________) until it reaches the next primer and stops.
Okazaki fragments
47
joins the Okazaki fragments.
DNA ligase
48
Keeps DNA from supercoiling
Topoisomerase
49
Open area between the okazaki fragments
Nicks
50
At what site does DNA replication begin?
Origin of replication
51
The origin of replication is made up of what bases? Why?
A=T bases
Easier to break the bonds since it only has 2 hydrogen bonds compared to G and C that has 3 hydrogen bonds
52
Two strands open forming___________ (Y-shaped region)
Replication Forks
53
Where does the new strands grow?
Replication fork
54
is a protein complex that forms at the origin of replication during the initiation step of DNA replication
pre-replication complex (pre-RC)
55
Hydrolyzes ATP to melt the bonds between A=T
Initiate the replication of 2 strands
pre-replication complex (pre-RC)
56
Is replication bidirectional?
Yes, DNA is synthesized in opposite directions
57
2 ends of replication bubble
Replication fork
58
A________ is an unwound and open region of DNA where DNA replication occurs.
replication bubble
59
an enzyme that unwinds the double helix by breaking the Hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases
DNA Helicase
60
As the 2 DNA strands open at the origin, __________ form
replication bubbles
61
have a single bubble
have many bubble
Prokaryotes (bacteria)
Eukaryotic chromosomes
62
attach and keep the 2 DNA strands separated and untwisted
Single-Strand Binding Proteins
63
attaches to the 2 forks of the bubble to relieve stress on the DNA molecule as it separates
Topoisomerase
64
is the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA Primer
It gathers nucleotides and brings them into the replication fork
Primase
65
is created to start the new strand.
primer
66
add the new nucleotides
DNA polymerase
67
■ can operate on forming DNA daughter strand only in the 5-to-3 direction
DNA polymerase III
68
Exonuclease activity removes RNA primer and replaces with newly synthesized DNA
DNA pol I
69
Repair function
DNA pol II
70
Main enzyme that adds nucleotides in the 5’-3” direction
DNA pol III
71
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the ____ end of the DNA
3’
72
NEW strand is built in a ______ direction
5’ to 3’
