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BioChem Lec > Nucleic Acids Prt. 2 > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Prt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

is the biochemical process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves

A

DNA replication

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2
Q

DNA has to be copied______ a cell divides

A

before

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3
Q

DNA is copied during the _______ phase of interphase

A

S or synthesis phase

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4
Q

New cells will need identical

A

DNA strands

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5
Q

4 phases of mitosis

A

PMAT

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6
Q

Phases of Interphase

A

G1, S phase, and G2

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7
Q

Division of cell cytoplasm

A

Cytokineses

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8
Q

Nucleus separates

A

Telophase

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9
Q

bonds between the sugar and base

A

beta n glycosidic

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10
Q

Bonds between sugar and phosphate

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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11
Q

Bonds between base pairings

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

Bases common in DNA and RNA

A

Cytosine
Adenine
Guanine

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13
Q

Base unique in DNA

A

Thymine

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14
Q

Base unique in RNA

A

Uracial

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15
Q

DNA backbone is made up of

A

Sugar phosphate backbone

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16
Q

Purine bases

A

Adenine
Guanine

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17
Q

Pyrimidine bases

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

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18
Q

Base + sugar

A

Nucleoside

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19
Q

Polymer of nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids

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20
Q

Two strands of DNA run off opposite directions

A

Antiparallel

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21
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between Guanine and Cytosine

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between Adenine and Thymine

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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23
Q

What is the base pairing rule called?

A

Chargaff rule

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24
Q

3 DNA replication models

A

Conservative
Semi-conservative
Dispersive

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25
Q

Two parental strands came back together after replication

A

Conservative

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26
Q

One new and old strand in a newly synthesized double stranded DNA

A

Semi-conservative

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27
Q

All 4 strands post-replication have a mixture of old and new DNA

A

Dispersive

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28
Q

suggested that there could be three possible ways in which DNA could replicate..

A

Max Delbruck

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29
Q

DNA replication that produces two daughter DNAs, one of which consists of two original strands whereas the other daughter DNA consists of two newly synthesised strands.

A

Conservative

30
Q

DNA replication that produce two copies of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) each containing one old strand and one new strand

A

Semiconservative

31
Q

DNA replication in which the original dsDNA undergoes fragmentation, the fragments synthesize complementary structure both of which assemble to form two replicas.

A

Dispersive

32
Q

DNA replication model used (correct)

A

Semi-conservative

33
Q

● new strand is 1/2 parent template
● 1/2 new DNA

A

Semi-conservative

34
Q

Enzymes and proteins in DNA replication

A
  1. Helicase
  2. Single Stranded Binding Protein (SSBP)
  3. Primase
  4. DNA Polymerase
  5. DNA Ligase
35
Q

breaks the hydrogen bonds of the parent DNA strands at the replication forks, which gives two separate DNA strands.

36
Q

Helicase breaks what type of bond?

A

Hydrogen bonds

37
Q

attach to the separated parent strands
to keep them apart and the bases exposed.

A

Single-strand binding proteins

38
Q

is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing strand

A

Leading Strand

39
Q

is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 5’ end

A

Lagging Strand

40
Q

5’ to 3’

A

Leading Strand

41
Q

3’ to 5’

A

Lagging Strand

42
Q

synthesizes short RNA segments called primers that are starting points for DNA polymerase.

43
Q

The primer is made up of what?

44
Q

catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester linkages on the new DNA strands between the 3’ ends of the growing chains and available complementary nucleotides (dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP).

A

DNA polymerase

45
Q

DNA polymerase adds
nucleotides continuously in the ______ direction to a growing DNA chain.

A

5’ to 3’

46
Q

In the lagging strand, at each primer, DNA polymerase forms short, separate segments called (__________) until it reaches the next primer and stops.

A

Okazaki fragments

47
Q

joins the Okazaki fragments.

A

DNA ligase

48
Q

Keeps DNA from supercoiling

A

Topoisomerase

49
Q

Open area between the okazaki fragments

50
Q

At what site does DNA replication begin?

A

Origin of replication

51
Q

The origin of replication is made up of what bases? Why?

A

A=T bases

Easier to break the bonds since it only has 2 hydrogen bonds compared to G and C that has 3 hydrogen bonds

52
Q

Two strands open forming___________ (Y-shaped region)

A

Replication Forks

53
Q

Where does the new strands grow?

A

Replication fork

54
Q

is a protein complex that forms at the origin of replication during the initiation step of DNA replication

A

pre-replication complex (pre-RC)

55
Q

Hydrolyzes ATP to melt the bonds between A=T

Initiate the replication of 2 strands

A

pre-replication complex (pre-RC)

56
Q

Is replication bidirectional?

A

Yes, DNA is synthesized in opposite directions

57
Q

2 ends of replication bubble

A

Replication fork

58
Q

A________ is an unwound and open region of DNA where DNA replication occurs.

A

replication bubble

59
Q

an enzyme that unwinds the double helix by breaking the Hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases

A

DNA Helicase

60
Q

As the 2 DNA strands open at the origin, __________ form

A

replication bubbles

61
Q

have a single bubble

have many bubble

A

Prokaryotes (bacteria)

Eukaryotic chromosomes

62
Q

attach and keep the 2 DNA strands separated and untwisted

A

Single-Strand Binding Proteins

63
Q

attaches to the 2 forks of the bubble to relieve stress on the DNA molecule as it separates

A

Topoisomerase

64
Q

is the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA Primer

It gathers nucleotides and brings them into the replication fork

65
Q

is created to start the new strand.

66
Q

add the new nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase

67
Q

■ can operate on forming DNA daughter strand only in the 5-to-3 direction

A

DNA polymerase III

68
Q

Exonuclease activity removes RNA primer and replaces with newly synthesized DNA

69
Q

Repair function

A

DNA pol II

70
Q

Main enzyme that adds nucleotides in the 5’-3” direction

A

DNA pol III

71
Q

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the ____ end of the DNA

72
Q

NEW strand is built in a ______ direction

A

5’ to 3’

BioChem Lec (15 decks)

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