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Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

carbohydrate is a polyhydroxy aldehyde, a polyhydroxy ketone, or a compound that yields ________ or ________ upon hydrolysis.

A

polyhydroxy aldehydes
polyhydroxy ketones

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2
Q

means “hydrate of carbon”

A

Carbohydrate

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3
Q

Carbohydrates mean

A

means “hydrate of carbon”

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4
Q

Carbohydrates contain

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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5
Q

Carbohydrates comes from the____ word “________” which means sugar

A

Latin

Saccharum

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6
Q

Importance of carbohydrates

A

Source of energy

Storage form of energy

Precursors to many organic compounds

Participates in the structure of cell membrane and cellular functions

Used as drugs like antibiotics

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7
Q

Classification of Carbohydrates

A

MONOSACCHARIDES
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES

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8
Q

are the simplest sugars

cannot be hydrolyzed further into smaller units

contains a single carbon chain

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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9
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES have __ to __ carbon atoms

A

3 to 9

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10
Q

Monosaccharides that don’t end in -ose

A

2 trioses = glyceraldehyde & dihydroxyacetone

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11
Q

CLASSIFICATION of MONOSACCHARIDES

A

• On the basis of number of carbons they posses
• ALDOSE or KETOSE depending upon their functional group

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12
Q

A 6-carbon monosaccharide and has an aldehyde functional group is called

A

ALDOHEXOSE

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13
Q

A 5-carbon monosaccharide with a ketone functional group is called =

A

KETOPENTOSE

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14
Q

Carbonyl group

A

C=O

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15
Q

ALL terminal groups of glucose (molecular formula), always ends with an_______ (e.g. СН2ОН)

A

alcohol

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16
Q

second-to-the-last carbon) = called the

A

penultimate carbon

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17
Q

Monosaccharides are classified on the number of C atoms.

A

Trioses

Pentoses

Hexoses

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18
Q

T or P or H

Glyceraldehyde

A

Trioses (C3H6O3)

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19
Q

M or P or S

Ribose

A

Pentose (C5H10O5)

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20
Q

M or P or S

Deoxyribose

A

Pentose (C5H10O4)

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21
Q

Pentoses C;H1o05

Examples

A

ribose, deoxyribose, ribulose

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22
Q

Trioses example

A

Glyseraldehyde

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23
Q

NADP

A

Nicotinamide
Adenine
Dinucleotide
Phosphate

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24
Q

FAD

A

Flavin
Adenine
Dinucleotide

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25
Q

HEXOSES

Examples

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose (CH12O6)

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26
Q

• Needed to synthesize:

Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

A

Hexose

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27
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP IN MONOSACCHARIDES

A

Aldehyde
Keto

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28
Q

Aldehyde or Keto

Glucose

A

Aldehyde

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29
Q

Aldehyde or Keto

Fructose

A

Keto

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30
Q

STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES

A

Fischer projection

Haworth projection

X-ray diffraction analysis

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31
Q

The straight chain structural formula

A

Fischer projection

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32
Q

Cyclic formula or ring structure

A

Haworth projection

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33
Q

Boat and chair form

A

X-ray diffraction analysis

34
Q

Compounds possessing identical molecular formula but different structures =

35
Q

Iso =

A

= “the same”

36
Q

Types of Isomerism

A

Structural isomerism
Steroisomerism

37
Q

Type of isomerism in which compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in positioning

A

Structural Isomerism

38
Q

Type of Isomerism in which
• Differ in configuration
• Presence of Asymmetric carbon (chiral carbon) atoms

A

Stereoisomerism

39
Q

4 types of Stereoisomerism

A

D and L isomerism
Optical isomerism
Epimerism
a and B anomerism

40
Q

Chiral molecules that are mirror images of one another

A

Enantiomers

41
Q

Has the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the
RIGHT of its PENULTIMATE carbon

A

D-Monosaccharide

42
Q

• Has the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the
LEFT of its PENULTIMATE carbon

A

L-Monosaccharide

43
Q
  • second to the last carbon
A

PENULTIMATE CARBON

44
Q

optically active compound is a compound that rotates the plane of polarized light.

Presence of asymmetrical carbon atom causes optical activity

A

OPTICAL ISOMERISM

45
Q

When a beam of plane polarized light is passed through a solution of carbohydrate, it will rotate the light to the RIGHT

A

Dextro-rotatory

46
Q

When a beam of plane polarized light is passed through a solution of carbohydrate, it will rotate the light to the LEFT

A

Laevo-rotatory

47
Q

• The stereoisomerism if 2 monosaccharides differ from each other in their configuration around a single specific carbon (other than the anomeric) atom.

48
Q
  • carbon derived from the carbonyl carbon of the open-chain form of the carbohydrate molecule
A

ANOMERIC CARBON

49
Q

• Isomers obtained from the change of position of hydroxyl group attached to the anomeric carbon

50
Q

-OH group at the anomeric, carbon is on the SAME side as the terminal CH2OH

OH group = upward position

51
Q

OH group group at the anomeric carbon is on the side OPPOSITE from the terminal CH2OH

OH group = downward position

52
Q

HAWORTH PROJECTION (2)

A

Pyran

Furan

53
Q

• 6-membered hemiacetal ring

54
Q

• 5-membered hemiketal ring

55
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES REACTION (2)

A

Oxidation to acidic sugars

Reduction to sugar alcohol

56
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES REACTION (4)

A
  1. Weak oxidizing agent
  2. Strong oxidizing agent
  3. Enzymes
  4. Reduction
57
Q

Oxidizing agent used determines product

A

• to produce acidic sugars
• To produce uronic acid

58
Q

______ oxidizing agent
Present in Tollens and Benedict’s solution

A

Weak oxidizing agent

59
Q

Weak oxidizing agent:

Oxidizes the aldehyde end of an aldose)to give an - _________

The oxidation of the aldehyde end of glucose produces - _________

The oxidation of the aldehyde end of galactose) produces - _________

A

aldonic acid

gluconic acid

galactonic acid

60
Q
  • is a carbohydrate that gives a positive test in Tollens and Benedict’s solution
A

Reducing sugar

61
Q

Can oxidize both ends of the monosaccharide at the same time (carbonyl group & terminal primary alcohol group) to produce a dicarboxylic acid

A

Strong oxidizing agent

62
Q

Can oxidize primary alcohol end of an aldose such as the D-glucose

63
Q

Carbonyl group is reduced to a OH group using hydrogen as the reducing agent

A

Reduction to sugar alcohol

64
Q

Reduction to sugar alcohol

Glucose turns to

65
Q

Carbonyl group present in a monosaccharide (either aldose or ketose), can be reduced to a hydroxyl group using hydrogen as the reducing agent

66
Q

For aldoses and ketoses, the product of the reduction is the corresponding polyhydroxy alcohol which is commonly known as

A

sugar alcohol

67
Q

In a reduction reaction

D-glucose becomes

A

D-glucitol

68
Q

is an atom in a molecule that has four different groups tetrahedrally bonded to it.

A

chiral center

69
Q

A molecule that contains a chiral center is said to be

70
Q

molecule is a molecule whose mirror images are superimposable.

molecules do not possess handedness.

71
Q

The simplest example of a chiral monosaccharide molecule is the three-carbon monosaccharide called

A

glyceraldehyde

72
Q

are isomers that have the same molecular and structural formulas but differ in the orientation of atoms in space.

A

Stereoisomers

73
Q

are stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other, as in left-handed and right-handed forms of a molecule.

A

Enantiomers

74
Q

are stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other.

A

Diastereomers

75
Q

is a two-dimensional structural notation for showing the spatial arrangement of groups about chiral centers in molecules.

A

Fischer projection formula

76
Q

is a compound that rotates the plane of polarized light.

A

optically active compound

77
Q

enantiomer that rotates plane-polarized light in a clockwise direction (to the right) is said to be

A

dextrorotatory

78
Q

is a chiral compound that rotates the plane of polarized light in a counterclockwise direction.

A

levorotatory compound

79
Q

Although there is no limit to the number of carbon atoms that can be present in a monosaccharide, only monosaccharides with____ to ____ carbon atoms are commonly found in nature.

A

three to seven

80
Q

Monosaccharides are classified as _____ or _____ on the basis of type of carbonyl group

A

aldoses or ketoses

81
Q

is a two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide.

A

Haworth projection formula

BioChem Lec (15 decks)

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