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BioChem Lec > The CELL > Flashcards

The CELL Flashcards

1
Q

It is the smallest unit that is capable of
performing life functions.

A

cell

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2
Q

● The structural and functional unit of all
living organism

A

cell

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3
Q

The building block of life

A

cell

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4
Q

Vital functions of an organism occur within

A

cells

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5
Q

All cells contain _______ information
necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting necessary information to the next cell generation

A

hereditary

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6
Q

EXAMPLES OF CELLS

A

Amoeba
Nerve cell
RBC
WBC
Plant stem
Bacteria

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7
Q

TWO TYPES OF CELLS

A

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

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8
Q
  • Do not have structures surrounded
    by membranes
  • Few internal structures
  • One-celled organisms
  • bacteria, archae
A

PROKARYOTIC

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9
Q
  • Contain organelles surrounded by
    membranes
  • Most living organisms
  • multicellular organisms such as
    plants and animal cell
A

EUKARYOTIC

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10
Q

T or F| cell membrane is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

TRUE

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11
Q

Has no definite nucleus; DNA is present but not separate from the rest of the cell

A

prokaryotes

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12
Q

Do prokaryotes have mitochondria?

A

NO - enzymes for oxidation reactions located on plasma membrane

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13
Q

Do prokaryotes have Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

NO

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14
Q

Do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have ribosome?

A

YES

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15
Q

Do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have chloroplasts?

A

Prokaryotes don’t have it. It photosynthesis is present it is located in chromatophores

Eukaryotes only have it in plant cells

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16
Q

CELL STRUCTURE

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm: cytosol + organelles
  • Nucleus
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17
Q
  • Outer membrane of cell that controls
    movement in and out of the cell
  • Double layer
  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Proteins (integral and peripheral)
  • Cholesterol
  • Attached carbohydrates (glycolipids and
    glycoproteins)
A

PLASMA/CELL MEMBRANE

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18
Q
  • Barrier between inside and outside of cell
  • Controls entry of materials: transport
  • Receives chemical and mechanical
    signals
  • Transmits signals between Intra and extracellular spaces
A

PLASMA/CELL MEMBRANE

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19
Q

THREE TYPES OF CELL JUNCTIONS

A

Gap Junction
Desmosome
Tight Junction

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20
Q
  • When two cells are right next to
    each other, their cell membranes
    may actually be touching
A

GAP JUNCTION

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21
Q
  • They physically connect cells like the
    gap junction, but no opening is created
A

DESMOSOME

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22
Q
  • Happens when two membranes
    actually bond into one
A

TIGHT JUNCTION

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23
Q
  • Fluid within cells: 2/3 of total
A

Intracellular (ICF)

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24
Q

Fluid…
* Between cells =
* In blood vessels =
* In lymphatic vessels =

A

Extracellular (ECF)

Interstitial
Plasma
Lymphatic

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25
Q
  • The liquid doing the dissolving (usually
    water)
A

Solvent

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26
Q
  • the dissolved material (particles or
    gas)
A

Solute

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27
Q
  • Amount of solute in a given amount of
    solvent
A

Concentration

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28
Q
  • Difference in concentration between 2
    areas of solution
A

Concentration gradient

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29
Q

TWO TYPES OF TRANSPORT

A

ACTIVE
PASSIVE

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30
Q
  • Diffusion (simple and facilitated)
  • Osmosis
A

PASSIVE

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31
Q
  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
A

ACTIVE

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32
Q

the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT: SIMPLE DIFFUSION

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33
Q

SIMPLE DIFFUSION: When the molecules are even throughout a space - it is called

A

equilibrium

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34
Q

is the passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane through specific transport proteins and requires no energy input

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

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35
Q

Requires a carrier in membrane but not ATP

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

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36
Q

Solute goes down concentration gradient

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

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37
Q

Maximum transport speed depends on number of carriers

insulin increases number of
carriers for glucose in
plasma membrane

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

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38
Q

Diffusion of water across selectively
permeable membrane

A

OSMOSIS

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39
Q

Types of solutions surrounding human RBCs

A

Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic

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40
Q

solution outside RBC has same concentration of solute as RBC:
0.9% NaCl

A

Isotonic

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41
Q

solution outside of RBC has lower concentration: 0% NaCl → hemolysis

A

Hypotonic

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42
Q

solution outside of RBC has higher concentration: 4% NaCl→crenation

A

Hypertonic

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43
Q

RBC in Isotonic Solution

A

NORMAL

44
Q

RBC in Hypotonic Solution

A

HEMOLYSIS

45
Q

RBC in Hypertonic Solution

A

CRENATION

46
Q

RULE FOR OSMOSIS: If the area outside the cell has more salt–then water will be sucked out of the cell

A

SALT SUCKS

47
Q

Where salt is…

A

water will follow

48
Q
  • Requires a carrier (called a pump) and
    energy (ATP)
A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

49
Q
  • Can transport up a concentration gradient from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
  • Critical for moving important ions
A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

50
Q

Major active transport in most cells is

A

Na+ or K+ pump

51
Q

Reabsorption of glucose, amino acids and salts by the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron in the kidney

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

52
Q

Taking “in” large molecules by the cell

  • importing materials into cell
A

ENDOCYTOSIS

53
Q

2 types of ENDOCYTOSIS

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis

54
Q

________, process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles.

A

Phagocytosis

55
Q

________ refers to the uptake of extracellular fluids and dissolved solutes, such as fat droplets, vitamins, and antigens.

A

Pinocytosis

56
Q
  • Removing large particles (waste) from the cell
  • Exporting materials out of the cell
A

EXOCYTOSIS

57
Q

moves with the gradient
high to low concentration

no cellular energy expenditure required

no protein help needed

A

Passive Transport

58
Q

moves with the gradient
high to low concentration

no cellular energy expenditure required

proteins help: serves as gates

A

Facilitated Transport

59
Q

moves against the gradient
low to high concentration

cellular energy input required

proteins serve as pumps

A

Active Transport

60
Q

CELL ORGANELLES

A
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope
  • Mitochondrion
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Vesicles, e.g. lysosome
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Flagella and cilia
  • Centrioles
61
Q
  • is the fluid that fills a cell
  • Cell contents
  • Gel-like mixture
  • Surrounded by cell membrane
  • Contains hereditary material
  • Includes organelles and cytosol
  • Excludes nucleus
A

CYTOPLASM

62
Q
  • Directs cell activities
  • Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
    membrane
  • Round or oval structure surrounded by
    nuclear envelope with nuclear pores
  • Contains nucleolus
  • Store genetic material (DNA) in genes
    arranged in 46 chromosomes
A

NUCLEUS

63
Q

makes ribosomes that pass into cytoplasm through nuclear pores

A

nucleolus

64
Q

Store genetic material (DNA) in genes
arranged in ___ chromosomes

A

46

65
Q

contains information for directing
protein synthesis

A

DNA

66
Q
  • is the suspension fluid that holds the cell’s chromatin and nucleolus
  • It is not always present in the nucleus
  • When the cell divides, the nuclear membrane dissolves and the nucleoplasm is released. After the cell nucleus has reformed, the nucleoplasm fills the space again
A

NUCLEOPLASM

67
Q
  • Surrounds nucleus
  • Made of two layers
  • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus
A

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE OR ENVELOPE

68
Q
  • Inside nucleus
  • Contains RNA to build proteins
A

NUCLEOLUS

69
Q

Sausage-shaped with many folded
membranes (______) and liquid matrix
containing enzymes

A

MITOCHONDRIA

cristae

70
Q

Have some DNA, ribosomes (can make
proteins)

A

MITOCHONDRIA

71
Q

Nutrient energy is released and trapped
in ATP; so known as “power houses of
cell”

A

MITOCHONDRIA

72
Q

Produces energy through chemical
reactions – breaking down fats &
carbohydrates

A

MITOCHONDRIA

73
Q

Controls level of water and other materials in cell

A

MITOCHONDRIA

74
Q

Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats,
and carbohydrates

A

MITOCHONDRIA

75
Q

Structure: network of folded membranes

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

76
Q

Functions: synthesis, intracellular
transport

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

77
Q

The double membranes of smooth and
rough ER form sacs called _______

A

cisternae

78
Q

Two types of ER

A

Rough ER
Smooth ER

79
Q

ER - studded with
ribosomes (sites of protein
synthesis)

A

Rough ER

80
Q

ER - lacks ribosomes

A

Smooth ER

81
Q

Functions:
- lipid synthesis
- release of glucose in liver cells into bloodstream
- drug detoxification (especially in liver cells)
- storage and release of Ca2+ in muscle
cells (where smooth E.R. is known as
sarcoplasmic reticulum or SR)

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

82
Q
  • Made within the nucleus (in nucleolus)
  • Sites of protein synthesis
  • Consist of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) +
    proteins
  • Contain large and small subunits
  • Can be attached to endoplasmic reticulum or free in cytosol
A

RIBOSOMES

83
Q
  • Protein ‘packaging plant‘
A

GOLGI COMPLEX

84
Q

GOLGI COMPLEX: was named after ________, an Italian biologist

A

Camillo Golgi

85
Q

Structure: Flattened membranes
(cisternae) with bulging edges (like stacks of pita bread)

A

GOLGI COMPLEX

86
Q

Functions: gathers simple molecules and
combines them to make molecules that are more complex

A

GOLGI COMPLEX

87
Q
  • Move materials within and out of
    the cell
  • Modify proteins à glycoproteins
    and lipoproteins that:
  • Become parts of plasma
    membranes, Are stored in
    lysosomes (cell digestion machines) or are exported by exocytosis
A

GOLGI COMPLEX

87
Q

Contains digestive enzymes

A

LYSOSOME

88
Q

Digestive ‘plant’ for proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates

A

LYSOSOME

89
Q

Help in final processes of digestion within cells

A

LYSOSOME

89
Q

Carry out _____ (destruction
of worn out parts of cell) and
_____ (death of old cells)

A

LYSOSOME
- autophagy
- autolysis

90
Q

hereditary disorder; one missing lysosomal enzyme leads to nerve destruction

A

Tay-Sachs

91
Q

SMALL BODIES

A

Peroxisomes
Proteasomes

92
Q

o hold on to enzymes that require
oxygen (oxidative enzymes)

o break down fatty acids, digest
alcohol and protect cells against
hydrogen peroxide

o detoxify; abundant in liver

A

Peroxisomes

93
Q

o digest unneeded or faulty protein
(proteolysis)

o Faulty proteins accumulate in brain
cells in persons with Parkinson or
Alzheimer disease

A

Proteasomes

94
Q
  • Maintains shape of cell
  • Positions organelles
  • Changes cell shape
A

CYTOSKELETON

95
Q

CYTOSKELETON Includes:

A

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

96
Q
  • is a small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way
A

CENTRIOLES

97
Q

are found in pairs and move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it is time for cell division

A

CENTRIOLES

98
Q

Structure:
o Two centrioles arranged
perpendicular to each other
o Composed of microtubules: 9
clusters of 3 (triplets)
o Pericentriolar material: Composed
of tubulin that grows the mitotic
spindle

A

CENTROSOME

99
Q

Function: moves chromosomes to ends
of cell during cell division

A

CENTROSOME

100
Q

Specialized for motion

A

CILIA AND FLAGELLA

101
Q

o single tail like structure on sperm
o Propels sperm forward in reproductive tract

A

Flagellum

102
Q

o in groups
o Found in respiratory system:
move mucus

A

Cilia

103
Q
A

BioChem Lec (15 decks)

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