The CELL Flashcards
1
Q
It is the smallest unit that is capable of
performing life functions.
A
cell
2
Q
● The structural and functional unit of all
living organism
A
cell
3
Q
The building block of life
A
cell
4
Q
Vital functions of an organism occur within
A
cells
5
Q
All cells contain _______ information
necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting necessary information to the next cell generation
A
hereditary
6
Q
EXAMPLES OF CELLS
A
Amoeba
Nerve cell
RBC
WBC
Plant stem
Bacteria
7
Q
TWO TYPES OF CELLS
A
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
8
Q
- Do not have structures surrounded
by membranes - Few internal structures
- One-celled organisms
- bacteria, archae
A
PROKARYOTIC
9
Q
- Contain organelles surrounded by
membranes - Most living organisms
- multicellular organisms such as
plants and animal cell
A
EUKARYOTIC
10
Q
T or F| cell membrane is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
A
TRUE
11
Q
Has no definite nucleus; DNA is present but not separate from the rest of the cell
A
prokaryotes
12
Q
Do prokaryotes have mitochondria?
A
NO - enzymes for oxidation reactions located on plasma membrane
13
Q
Do prokaryotes have Endoplasmic Reticulum?
A
NO
14
Q
Do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have ribosome?
A
YES
15
Q
Do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have chloroplasts?
A
Prokaryotes don’t have it. It photosynthesis is present it is located in chromatophores
Eukaryotes only have it in plant cells
16
Q
CELL STRUCTURE
A
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm: cytosol + organelles
- Nucleus
17
Q
- Outer membrane of cell that controls
movement in and out of the cell - Double layer
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Proteins (integral and peripheral)
- Cholesterol
- Attached carbohydrates (glycolipids and
glycoproteins)
A
PLASMA/CELL MEMBRANE
18
Q
- Barrier between inside and outside of cell
- Controls entry of materials: transport
- Receives chemical and mechanical
signals - Transmits signals between Intra and extracellular spaces
A
PLASMA/CELL MEMBRANE
19
Q
THREE TYPES OF CELL JUNCTIONS
A
Gap Junction
Desmosome
Tight Junction
20
Q
- When two cells are right next to
each other, their cell membranes
may actually be touching
A
GAP JUNCTION
21
Q
- They physically connect cells like the
gap junction, but no opening is created
A
DESMOSOME
22
Q
- Happens when two membranes
actually bond into one
A
TIGHT JUNCTION
23
Q
- Fluid within cells: 2/3 of total
A
Intracellular (ICF)
24
Q
Fluid…
* Between cells =
* In blood vessels =
* In lymphatic vessels =
A
Extracellular (ECF)
Interstitial
Plasma
Lymphatic
25
* The liquid doing the dissolving (usually
water)
Solvent
26
* the dissolved material (particles or
gas)
Solute
27
* Amount of solute in a given amount of
solvent
Concentration
28
* Difference in concentration between 2
areas of solution
Concentration gradient
29
TWO TYPES OF TRANSPORT
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
30
* Diffusion (simple and facilitated)
* Osmosis
PASSIVE
31
* Endocytosis
* Exocytosis
ACTIVE
32
the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration
PASSIVE TRANSPORT: **SIMPLE DIFFUSION**
33
SIMPLE DIFFUSION: When the molecules are even throughout a space - it is called
equilibrium
34
is the passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane through specific transport proteins and requires no energy input
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
35
Requires a carrier in membrane but not ATP
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
36
Solute goes down concentration gradient
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
37
Maximum transport speed depends on number of carriers
insulin increases number of
carriers for glucose in
plasma membrane
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
38
Diffusion of water across selectively
permeable membrane
OSMOSIS
39
Types of solutions surrounding human RBCs
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
40
solution outside RBC has same concentration of solute as RBC:
0.9% NaCl
Isotonic
41
solution outside of RBC has lower concentration: 0% NaCl → hemolysis
Hypotonic
42
solution outside of RBC has higher concentration: 4% NaCl→crenation
Hypertonic
43
RBC in Isotonic Solution
NORMAL
44
RBC in Hypotonic Solution
HEMOLYSIS
45
RBC in Hypertonic Solution
CRENATION
46
RULE FOR OSMOSIS: If the area outside the cell has more salt–then water will be sucked out of the cell
SALT SUCKS
47
Where salt is...
water will follow
48
* Requires a carrier (called a pump) and
energy (ATP)
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
49
* Can transport up a concentration gradient from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
* Critical for moving important ions
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
50
Major active transport in most cells is
Na+ or K+ pump
51
Reabsorption of glucose, amino acids and salts by the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron in the kidney
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
52
Taking “in” large molecules by the cell
* importing materials into cell
ENDOCYTOSIS
53
2 types of ENDOCYTOSIS
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
54
________, process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles.
Phagocytosis
55
________ refers to the uptake of extracellular fluids and dissolved solutes, such as fat droplets, vitamins, and antigens.
Pinocytosis
56
* Removing large particles (waste) from the cell
* Exporting materials out of the cell
EXOCYTOSIS
57
moves with the gradient
high to low concentration
no cellular energy expenditure required
no protein help needed
Passive Transport
58
moves with the gradient
high to low concentration
no cellular energy expenditure required
proteins help: serves as **gates**
Facilitated Transport
59
moves against the gradient
low to high concentration
cellular energy input required
proteins serve as **pumps**
Active Transport
60
CELL ORGANELLES
* Cytoplasm
* Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope
* Mitochondrion
* Endoplasmic reticulum
* Golgi apparatus
* Vesicles, e.g. lysosome
* Cytoskeleton
* Flagella and cilia
* Centrioles
61
* is the fluid that fills a cell
* Cell contents
* Gel-like mixture
* Surrounded by cell membrane
* Contains hereditary material
* Includes organelles and cytosol
* Excludes nucleus
CYTOPLASM
62
* Directs cell activities
* Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
* Round or oval structure surrounded by
nuclear envelope with nuclear pores
* Contains nucleolus
* Store genetic material (DNA) in genes
arranged in 46 chromosomes
NUCLEUS
63
makes ribosomes that pass into cytoplasm through nuclear pores
nucleolus
64
Store genetic material (DNA) in genes
arranged in ___ chromosomes
46
65
contains information for directing
protein synthesis
DNA
66
* is the suspension fluid that holds the cell's chromatin and nucleolus
* It is not always present in the nucleus
* When the cell divides, the nuclear membrane dissolves and the nucleoplasm is released. After the cell nucleus has reformed, the nucleoplasm fills the space again
NUCLEOPLASM
67
* Surrounds nucleus
* Made of two layers
* Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE OR ENVELOPE
68
* Inside nucleus
* Contains RNA to build proteins
NUCLEOLUS
69
Sausage-shaped with many folded
membranes (______) and liquid matrix
containing enzymes
MITOCHONDRIA
cristae
70
Have some DNA, ribosomes (can make
proteins)
MITOCHONDRIA
71
Nutrient energy is released and trapped
in ATP; so known as “power houses of
cell”
MITOCHONDRIA
72
Produces energy through chemical
reactions – breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
MITOCHONDRIA
73
Controls level of water and other materials in cell
MITOCHONDRIA
74
Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats,
and carbohydrates
MITOCHONDRIA
75
Structure: network of folded membranes
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
76
Functions: synthesis, intracellular
transport
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
77
The double membranes of smooth and
rough ER form sacs called _______
cisternae
78
Two types of ER
Rough ER
Smooth ER
79
ER - studded with
ribosomes (sites of protein
synthesis)
Rough ER
80
ER - lacks ribosomes
Smooth ER
81
Functions:
- lipid synthesis
- release of glucose in liver cells into bloodstream
- drug detoxification (especially in liver cells)
- storage and release of Ca2+ in muscle
cells (where smooth E.R. is known as
sarcoplasmic reticulum or SR)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
82
* Made within the nucleus (in nucleolus)
* Sites of protein synthesis
* Consist of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) +
proteins
* Contain large and small subunits
* Can be attached to endoplasmic reticulum or free in cytosol
RIBOSOMES
83
* Protein 'packaging plant‘
GOLGI COMPLEX
84
GOLGI COMPLEX: was named after ________, an Italian biologist
Camillo Golgi
85
Structure: Flattened membranes
(cisternae) with bulging edges (like stacks of pita bread)
GOLGI COMPLEX
86
Functions: gathers simple molecules and
combines them to make molecules that are more complex
GOLGI COMPLEX
87
- Move materials within and out of
the cell
- Modify proteins à glycoproteins
and lipoproteins that:
- Become parts of plasma
membranes, Are stored in
lysosomes (cell digestion machines) or are exported by exocytosis
GOLGI COMPLEX
87
Contains digestive enzymes
LYSOSOME
88
Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
LYSOSOME
89
Help in final processes of digestion within cells
LYSOSOME
89
Carry out _____ (destruction
of worn out parts of cell) and
_____ (death of old cells)
LYSOSOME
- autophagy
- autolysis
90
hereditary disorder; one missing lysosomal enzyme leads to nerve destruction
Tay-Sachs
91
SMALL BODIES
Peroxisomes
Proteasomes
92
o hold on to enzymes that require
oxygen (oxidative enzymes)
o break down fatty acids, digest
alcohol and protect cells against
hydrogen peroxide
o detoxify; abundant in liver
Peroxisomes
93
o digest unneeded or faulty protein
(proteolysis)
o Faulty proteins accumulate in brain
cells in persons with Parkinson or
Alzheimer disease
Proteasomes
94
* Maintains shape of cell
* Positions organelles
* Changes cell shape
CYTOSKELETON
95
CYTOSKELETON Includes:
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules
96
* is a small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way
CENTRIOLES
97
are found in pairs and move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it is time for cell division
CENTRIOLES
98
Structure:
o Two centrioles arranged
perpendicular to each other
o Composed of microtubules: 9
clusters of 3 (triplets)
o Pericentriolar material: Composed
of tubulin that grows the mitotic
spindle
CENTROSOME
99
Function: moves chromosomes to ends
of cell during cell division
CENTROSOME
100
Specialized for motion
CILIA AND FLAGELLA
101
o single tail like structure on sperm
o Propels sperm forward in reproductive tract
Flagellum
102
o in groups
o Found in respiratory system:
move mucus
Cilia
103
