Clinical Reactions Flashcards
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OCCURRING IN LIVING MATTER (IN VIVO)
▰ OXIDATION
▰ REDUCTION
▰ HYDROLYSIS
▰ CONDENSATION
▰ TAUTOMERISM
▰ IS THE PROCESS WHEREIN MOST OF THE ENERGY LIBERATED BY LIVING MATTER IS DERIVED FROM THE OXIDATION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES SUCH AS CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS
OXIDATION
▰ TWO KINDS OF OXIDATION:
▰ ANAEROBIC OXIDATION AND AEROBIC OXIDATION
▰ OXIDATION THAT TAKES PLACE IN THE PRESENCE OF FREE OXYGEN
AEROBIC OXIDATION
▰ OXIDATION THE OCCURS IN THE ABSENCE OF FREE OXYGEN
ANAEROBIC OXIDATION
THE SUBSTANCE UNDERGOES OXIDATION EITHER BY A LOSS OF HYDROGEN, AS IN THE OXIDATION OF LACTIC ACID TO PYRUVIC ACID
ANAEROBIC OXIDATION
▰ IS THE REVERSE OF OXIDATION
REDUCTION
▰ IT MAY BE BROUGHT ABOUT BY EITHER BY LOSS OF OXYGEN OR BY GAIN OF HYDROGEN OR ELECTRONS.
REDUCTION
WHENEVER OXIDATION OCCURS THERE IS A SIMULTANEOUS AND CORRESPONDING _______.
REDUCTION
ALL FOODS AND ORGANIC SUBSTANCES HAVE THE PROPERTY OF TAKING UP OXYGEN, HENCE THEY ARE _______ AGENTS.
REDUCING
Substance oxidized
Reducing agent
Substance reduced
Oxidizing agent
Gain of electrons
Loss of oxygen
Gain of hydrogen
Reductions
▰ IS A CHEMICAL PROCESS IN WHICH A MOLECULE OF WATER IS ADDED TO A SUBSTANCE
HYDROLYSIS
▰ SOMETIMES THIS ADDITION CAUSES BOTH SUBSTANCE AND WATER MOLECULE TO SPLIT INTO TWO PARTS
HYDROLYSIS
THROUGH _______, LARGE MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER AND SIMPLER FORMS
HYDROLYSIS
▰ IS THE REACTION WHEREIN SIMPLE FRAGMENTS UNITE WITH ONE ANOTHER TO FORM A MORE COMPLEX COMPOUND
CONDENSATION
THE SYNTHESIS OF COMPLEX SUBSTANCES LIKE GLYCOGEN AND TISSUE PROTEIN IS ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH THIS PROCESS
CONDENSATION
▰ EXAMPLE: TRANSFORMATION OF GLUCOSE INTO GALACTOSE; GALACTOSE INTO MANNOSE
TAUTOMERISM
HYDROPHOBIC
ALKANES, OILS, AND FATS
▰ REFERS TO A PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF A MOLECULE THAT CAN TRANSIENTLY BOND WITH WATER (H2O) THROUGH HYDROGEN BONDING
HYDROPHILIC
▰ REFERS TO THE PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF A MOLECULE THAT IS REPELLED FROM A MASS OF WATER
HYDROPHOBIC
CHEMICAL BONDS
▰ IONIC BONDING
▰ COVALENT BONDING
▰ HYDROGEN BONDING
▰ INVOLVES A TRANSFER OF ONE OR MORE ELECTRONS FROM ONE ATOM TO ANOTHER, LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF AN IONIC BOND
IONIC BONDING
▰ INVOLVES A SHARING PAIRS OF ELECTRONS BETWEEN ATOMS
COVALENT BONDING
▰ HYDROGEN ATOM IS BONDED TO A SMALL, HIGHLY ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM
HYDROGEN BONDING
