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MCDB 108A Midterm 2 > Translation > Flashcards

Translation Flashcards

1
Q

mRNA’a are decoded in the 5’ to 3’ direction, ____ codon at a time

A

one

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2
Q

tRNA’s are _______ molecules with a common architecture which allow codon recognition and link _____ codons to specific ___________

A

adaptor, specific, amino acids

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3
Q

________ _____ _____ allows some tRNA’s to recognize alternative codons

A

wobble base pairing

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4
Q

linking an ____ ____ to a tRNA molecule requires specific _________ capable of reading the genetic code.

A

amino acid, enzymes

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5
Q

the ______ is the molecular machine in charge of protein synthesis

A

ribosome

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6
Q

the ______ polypeptide is the synthezied N term first

A

nascent

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7
Q

the ribosome is ____ subunits joined together around _____ to make an active site.

A

two, mRNA

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8
Q

tRNAs are a genetic ________ which assist in translation

A

dictionary

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9
Q

mRNA is read ____ to ____

A

5’, 3’

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10
Q

the core structure of the ribosome is formed by ________ _____.

A

ribosomal RNA

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11
Q

peptidyl transferase center is in the ______ between the _______ of the ribosome.

A

cleft , subunits

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12
Q

ribosomal proteins are on the surface but extend _____ into core rRNA structure to ________.

A

fingers, stabilize

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13
Q

the mature mRNA contains the sequence of the ______ in genetic code

A

protein

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14
Q

mRNA’s are decoded __ to __ direction in sets of ______ nonoverlapping nucleotides

A

5’, 3’, 3

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15
Q

translation begins at an initiator _____ codon. (MET)

A

AUG

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16
Q

frame shifting during translation is _______

A

rare

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17
Q

tRNAs contain the _______ for the mRNA and are linked to the cognate _____ ______ at the acceptor stem

A

anticodon, amino acid

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18
Q

anticodon loop basepairs with the _______

A

codon

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19
Q

the amino acid is added to the 3’ _______ sequence - CCA

A

adaptor

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20
Q

the nascent polypeptide chain the _____ terminus is made first and the __ terminus stays attached to the last tRNA. the chain emerges through ribosome _____ ______ which can protect 40 AA.

A

N, C, exit tunnel

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21
Q

in peptidyl transferase rxn, the ____ attacks ester linkage of adajacent tRNA, activated peptidyl tRNA bond is maintained

A

amine

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22
Q

protein folding and chaperone binding begins immediately upon emergance from ______ ______ _______

A

ribosome exit tunnel

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23
Q

why is translation complicated when the peptide bond is a simple chemical reaction?

A

you aren’t making any peptide bond but the CORRECT peptide bond; information transfer with speed and high fidelity. so cells expend a lot of energy to get it correct.

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24
Q

translational fidelity
- correct charging of ______ by tRNA synthetases
-codon dictated selection of matching ______ at the ribosome
-speed

A

tRNAS, tRNA

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25
Q

mechansims of translational fidelity
-tRNA synthetases
-degeneracy of _____ + wobble position
- monitoring of codon-anticodon _____
-________ coupling to irreversible hydrolysis steps- amplify signal of correct pairing
-kinetic proofreading
-ribosome quality control

A

code, basepairing, allosteric

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26
Q

aminoacyl tRNA synthetases ____ the genetic code and ______ the right amino acid with the right tRNA

A

read, couple

27
Q

aminoacyl transferases perform ___ step coupling of AA to tRNAs. first is AA ______ then AA ______

A

two, activation, transfer

28
Q

amino acids are couple to tRNA’s via high energy ______ bonds to the ______ of the ribose on the 3’ adenosine

A

ester, 3’OH

29
Q

aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are highly ________ for their _______ and ______

A

specific, tRNA, amino acid

30
Q

error rate on tRNA selection is better than AA selection, why?

A

because there is a larger surface are meaning more bond discrimination

31
Q

double sieve mechanism is to ensure correct selection of _______ _______-

A

amino acid

32
Q

at active site, mostly correct amino acids are ______

A

charged

33
Q

at editing site, wrong amino acids are ______

A

removed

34
Q

degeneracy of genetic code contributes to robustness of information _______-

A

transfer

35
Q

like amino acids are encoded by like _______

A

codons

36
Q

mutations do not always lead to changes in _______ ______ level

A

amino acid

37
Q

wobble base pairing allows a single tRNA to recognize _______ codons

A

alternative

38
Q

inosine is a modified base with ______ base pairing capabilities

A

broader

39
Q

Inosine (I) can base pair with __, ___, ___.

A

C, U, A

40
Q

the small ribosome subunit _____ ________

A

binds mRNA

41
Q

the large ribosome subunit _______ the _______ ________ reaction

A

catalyzes, peptidyl transferase

42
Q

tRNA’s bind in three sites, _________ , _________, ______

A

aminoacyl, peptidyl, exit (APE)

43
Q

__________ proceeds in steps: tRNA ______, peptide bond _______, large+small subunit translation.

A

elongation, binding, formation

44
Q

________ _____ around codon-anticodon basepairing of the first two bases in a codon ensures fidelity

A

induced fit

45
Q

hydrolysis of GTP by two elongation factors EF-Tu, EF-G ensures ________ accuracy

A

translation

46
Q

peptide bond formation is catalyzed by the peptidyl transferase ________ of the ribosome. catalysis by proximity and orientation. the energy for the reaction comes from reactivity of the high energy ester bond between ______ and ________.

A

center, tRNA, amino acid

47
Q

mRNA molecules are translated in cycles of _____ steps

A

four

48
Q

mRNA translation
1) tRNA binding at ___ site
2) peptide bond ______
3) ______ subunit translocated to ___ site
4) ______ subunit translocated to ___ site
5) ____ is ejected at ___ site
6) newly bound charge ____ binds at ___ site

A

A
formation
large, P
small, P
tRNA, E
tRNA, A

49
Q

tRNA’s bind to the ribosome in a ternary complex with _____ and ______

A

EF-Tu, GTP

50
Q

correct basepairing of tRNA trigger release of ______

A

GDP

51
Q

incorrect basepared tRNA’s preferentially _______-

A

disassociate

52
Q

correct codon-anticodon basepairing causes a __________ change that triggers GTP _______ in EF-Tu and disassociation

A

conformational, hydrolysis

53
Q

EF-Tu disassociation begins accommodation which is the postioning of AA next to each other in peptidyl transferase site. this will take _______ for incorrect bp matches and allows more time for __________

A

longer, disassociation

54
Q

induced fit is folding around _____ ______ that favors catalysis

A

base pair

55
Q

kinetic proofreading is an ________ step that happens faster for _______ basepairs, making _______ basepairs have more time to disassociate

A

irreversible, correct, incorrect

56
Q

GTP hydrolysis results in conformation changes in EF-G that force tRNA’s and mRNA to move through the ribsome by a distance of ______ codon

A

one

57
Q

translocation of mRNA’s and tRNA’s through the ribosome is driven _______ by GTP _______-

A

forward, hydrolysis

58
Q

______ _______ are bound by protein release factors (not tRNA’s)

A

stop codons

59
Q

release factors force _______ which release the peptide then causing disassociation of the ribosome

A

hydrolysis

60
Q

the same ______ can be translated by ________ ribosomes: polyribosomes

A

mRNA, multiple

61
Q

problems in translation lead to ribosome _________

A

stalling

62
Q

stalling can trigger pathways for
______ and _______ degradation
________ recycling
stress ______

A

mRNA, protein, ribosome, response

63
Q

ribosome quality control is the research of identifying factors that recognize _________ ribosomes

A

stalled

MCDB 108A Midterm 2 (13 decks)

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