RNA Polymerase

Question 1

Nearly all RNA is made from a _____ template through transcription by an _____ polymerase

Answer 1

DNA, RNA

Question 2

there are three major types of RNA : _______ ______ _____

Answer 2

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Question 3

mRNA is a _________ RNA for encoding _______

Answer 3

messenger, proteins

Question 4

tRNA is a ______ RNA that translates _____ to _____

Answer 4

transfer, nucleotides, amino acids

Question 5

rRNA is a ________ RNA that is ______ and structural part of the ribosome

Answer 5

ribosomal, catalytic

Question 6

RNA polymerase requires a ________ but do not require a _______

Answer 6

template, primer

Question 7

RNA polymerases ______ the DNA template as they read it

Answer 7

unwind

Question 8

RNA polymerases ______ the formation of phosphodiester bonds in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

Answer 8

catalyze

Question 9

RNA polymerases display ______ fidelity than DNA polymerases

Answer 9

less

Question 10

the _______ dictates the start and stop sites of transcription.

Answer 10

template

Question 11

_________ is reading double stranded DNA to make single stranded RNA

Answer 11

transcription

Question 12

the _____ DNA strand is complementary to the coding strand, which has the same sequence as the mRNA

Answer 12

template

Question 13

RNA synthesis is carried out by RNA ______ in three stages which are ___________ ____________ and _______

Answer 13

intiation, elongation, termination

Question 14

initiation
- promoters search and identify sequence elements in _______ _____
- a strectch of DNA is _______ to make single stranded DNA template

Answer 14

template DNA
opened

Question 15

elongation
- _____ are linked via phosphodiester bond one at a time, in a directional fashion without a primer
- RNAP can _______ to correct erros

Answer 15

NTPs, backtrack

Question 16

termination
- detect termination signals and ___ ____ of template and product

Answer 16

let go

Question 17

polymerization mechanism between RNA and DNA are very ________. Aspartic acids coordinate ______ ions. Directionality is _______. Driven by loss of _________ and subsequent hydrolysis.

Answer 17

similar, 2 Mg+, 5’ to 3’, pyrophosphate

Question 18

during elongation the transcription ______ moves along the template

Answer 18

bubble

Question 19

RNA polymerases are completely processive, each RNA is synthesized from start to end by _________ polymerase

Answer 19

single

Question 20

fidelity of __________ is not as high for replication

Answer 20

transcription

Question 21

RNA polymerase doesn’t have a separate ________ site, it catalyzes excision in the same site

Answer 21

exonuclease

Question 22

model for fidelity of transcription
- kinetic proofreading and induced fit
- trigger loop adajcent to incoming nuc folds in response to correct bp ________ advancement

-2’H on a dNTP inhibits folding of trigger loop, possibly by allowing a new conformation that sterically competes

-misincorporated nuc helps catalyze it’s own cleavage and can be detected by other favotrs

Answer 22

catalyzing

Question 23

the template DNA encodes the signals to _____ and terminate transcription

Answer 23

initiate

Question 24

a promoter is a sequence that _______ transcription

Answer 24

initiates

Question 25

a terminator is a sequence that ______ transcription

Answer 25

ends

Question 26

promoters share __________ sequence features.

Answer 26

common

Question 27

the sigma factor is a component of RNA polymerase that determines the ______ of transcription initiation.

Answer 27

site

Question 28

the sigma factor induces a bend in DNA which opens the ______ for transcription

Answer 28

bubble

Question 29

different sigma factor recognize different _________ which is a transcriptional control.

Answer 29

promoters

Question 30

dynamic assembly of sigma factor with RNA polymerase allows for _________

Answer 30

regulation

Question 31

in bacteria there are _____ signals for termination both encoded by the ________

Answer 31

two, template

Question 32

bacteria termination
1. RNA _____ that disrupts RNA + DNA interaction in polymerase by popping of RNA polymerase
2. ____ element that recruits RHO helicase which competes with RNA polymerase

Answer 32

hairpin, rut

Question 33

RNA has higher Km in initation than elongation why is this important?

Answer 33

nucleotides will be prioritized for finishing transcripts rather than starting new ones