Transition

Question 1

Why high O2 bad for patients with COPD

Answer 1

Increase v/q mismatch- (inc o2= vasodilation= blood travelling to non functioning alveoli)

Halden effect (inc o2 = inc release of CO2= inc hypercapnia)

Question 2

What us pulmonary compliance and how is it affected in emphysema

Answer 2

Pulmonary compliance is increaseed in emphysema due to loss of elastic recoil

(Emphysema is the loss of elasticity in alveoli. Therefore easy to inflat the lungs- expiration hard)

Pulmonary compliance is the ease with which the lungs inflate

Question 3

At what kpa will haemoglobin start dropping off oxygen

Answer 3

8- 90% saturated
This allows for moderate changes in po2 to not affect haemoglobin picking up oxygen from the lubgs

Question 4

What is saturation dependant on

Answer 4

Partial pressure of oxygen! Not haemoglobin dependant as saturation is a percentage

Question 5

What is oxygen content of arterial blood dependant

Answer 5

Hb concentration and saturation of hb

1.34 x hb x SaO2

Question 6

What is the fev1/fvc ratio for obstructive disease (eg. Copd)

Answer 6

<70%

Question 7

What does metabolic compensation (abg) indicate

Answer 7

Chronic issue- as metabolic compensation takes days (kidneys responsible for HCO3)

Question 8

where are the respiratory centres

Answer 8

medulla oblongata
DIVE
Dorsal- inspiration
Ventral - expiration

Question 9

effect of increased intrathoracic pressure on cardiac output

Answer 9

dec cardiac output

(inc thoracic pressure> dec venous return> dec end diastolic volume> dec cardiac output)

Question 10

Qrs
Pr
Interval times

Answer 10

QRS <0.1 s

Pr- 0.12-0.2

Question 11

How to calculate heart rate ecg

Answer 11

Irregular- No. of QRS complexes in 30 large squares and x by 10

Regular- 300 divided by the amount of boxes between QRS’s

Question 12

TNF inhibitor mechanism of action, used in and example drug

Answer 12

Anti-inflammatory

Many rheumatic and inflammatory diseases

Adalimumab

Question 13

anti-pd1 - MOA, used in and example drug

Answer 13

pembrolizumab

activates T-cells

used in cancer

Question 14

anti-interleukin 17- MOA, used in, example drug

Answer 14

Blocks ONE inflammation pathway

Psoriasis, arthritis, (MS)

secukinumab

Question 15

biologic drugs- dependant on liver or renal function- true or false

Answer 15

FALSE

Question 16

transplant rejection txs

Answer 16

hyperacute- none

acute cellular- immunosupression

acute vascular- immunosupression ++

chronic allograft failure- minimise drug toxicity, treat hypertension & hyperlipidaemia

Question 17

types of hypersensitivity

Answer 17

I- ige mediated, immediate, mast cells/basophils release granules etc- eg anaphylaxis

II- IgG, IgM mediated- directly binds to cell and kills

III- IgG, IgM mediated, free floating complexes eg. serum sickness, venom

IV- T cell mediated, delayed hypersensitivity

Question 18

examples of inactivated vaccines

Answer 18

polio (whole)
pertussis (fractional- subunit)
dipthera & tetanus (fractional toxoid)
haemophilus influenza type b (polysacharride)

Question 19

examples of live attenuated vaccines

Answer 19

viral:
measles
mumps
rubella- MMR vaccine
Therefore pregnant women cant get it

Question 20

When would you want to measure immunoglobulins

Answer 20

In the case of immunodeficiency

Eg common variable immune deficiency (CVID)

Question 21

study design hierarchy

Answer 21

Question 22

what is a cohort study

Answer 22

study in which people who presently have a certain condition or receive a particular treatment are followed over time and compared with another group of people who are not affected by the condition

two types:
prospective- cohort followed forward in time from present
- Retrospective - cohort formed in the past and followed up to the present

Question 23

what is a case control study

Answer 23

begin with the outcomes and do not follow people over time; researchers choose people with a particular result (the cases) and interview the groups or check their records to ascertain what different experiences they had