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Introduction To Pharmacology I > Tranquilizers > Flashcards

Tranquilizers Flashcards

1
Q

What is a synonym of tranquilizer?

A

Neuroleptics and sedatives

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2
Q

What is a tranquilizer?

A

Medicines that calm the animals and promote sleep but do not necessarily induce sleep, even in high doses. Cause analgesia, sedation, decreased sympathetic tone, euphoria.

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tranquilizers?

A

They affect the CNS at the basal ganglia, hypothalamus, limbic system, and brain stem though acting with dopamine, α1-adrenergic, serotonin, opioid and GABA receptors

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4
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of tranquilizers?

A

CNS tranquilizers are used to calm the animals for easy handling as pre-anesthetic medications (allowing less general anesthetic)
anti-emetics
anti-allergic

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5
Q

What are the pharmacological effects of tranquilizers on the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system?

A
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6
Q

Are there adverse effects to tranquilizers?

A

various, depending on existing condition

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7
Q

What are the different categories of tranquilizers, and their mechanism of action?

A
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8
Q

What are some phenothiazine derivatives we use?

A

❖ Chlorpromazine ❖ Acepromazine (Ace) ❖ Promazine ❖ Triflupromazine

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9
Q

What are the pharmacological effects of phenothiazine derivatives?

A
  • Effects are due to depression of brain stem and connections to the cerebral cortex * All phenothiazines decrease spontaneous motor activity (grooming, rearing, sniffing)
  • The induced tranquilization is not accompanied by analgesia
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10
Q

What is Chlorpromazine? What is its pharmacologic effects? What are the adverse effects of chlorpromazine? When is its use contraindicated?

A
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11
Q

What is Acepromazine? What is its characteristics of the drug? When is it used? What is important to note about its potency? What are the routes of administration?

A
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12
Q

What is Promazine? What is its characteristics of the drug? When is it used? What is important to note about its potency? What are the routes of administration/ duration?

A
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13
Q

What is triflupromazine? What is it used for? What is important to know about its side effects?

A
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14
Q

How do benzodiazepines interact with gaba gated cl- channels? What does this cause within the membrane. What effect does it cause? How commonly prescribed is this medication

A
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15
Q

What are the types of commonly used benzodiazapines in veterinary medicine?

A

❖ Diazepam (ValiumR) ❖ Midazolam ❖ Clonazepam ❖ Zolazepam ❖ Alprazolam (xanax)

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16
Q

What are the types of commonly used benzodiazepines in veterinary medicine?

A

❖ Diazepam (ValiumR) ❖ Midazolam ❖ Clonazepam ❖ Zolazepam ❖ Alprazolam (xanax)

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17
Q

What are the pharmacologic effects of benzodiazepines? What are the uses of them?

A
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18
Q

When are benzodiazepines good alone as a tranquilizer?

A

Sheep, goats, neonatal foals

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19
Q

When must benzodiazepines be used with other drugs for sedative effect?

A

Horses, dogs, cats

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20
Q

Why are benzodiazepines used over other drugs?

A

Minimal cardiovascular effects

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21
Q

What is Valium ( or diazepam)? What is its pharmacokenetic properties? What is it used for? How can it be administered?

A
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22
Q

What are the adverse effects of giving diazepam?

A
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23
Q

How is clonazepam in comparison to diazepam?

A

❖ Clonazepam (stronger than diazepam but has shorter t1/2 )

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24
Q

How can midazolam be used to make it a neuroleptanalgesic?

A

❖ Midazolam (used in combination with an opioid in older dogs as a neuroleptanalgesic)

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25
Q

How is zolazepam used?

A

❖ Zolazepam (used exclusively with Tiletamine for anesthesia)(approved for animal use)

26
Q

What animal should we not use alprazolam? What is its trade name? Why shouldnt we use it in that animal?

A

-> Do not use in dogs
-> Strong side effects in kidney and liver
-> Can accumulate in milk of lactating bitches and harm puppies.
-> Can harm pregnant animals

27
Q

What is the MOA of alpha 2 adrenergic agonists?

A

Stimulate α2-adrenoreceptors causing decrease in NE release

28
Q

How do a2-adrenergic agonists decrease NE release?

A

a2 agonists block presynaptic a2 receptors resulting in suppression of norepinephrine release -> this in turn causes a negative feedback loop further suppressing norepinephrine release

29
Q

Where in the body are their a2 receptors?

A

heart and blood vessels

30
Q

What are examples of a2 adrenergic agonists used as tranquilizers in veterinary medicine?

A

❖ Xylazine (cat, dog, horse, and wild animals)
❖ Medetomidine
❖ Detomidine (horses, IM and IV)
❖ Dexmedetomidine (most potent and selective α2-agonist in Vet Med)
❖ Clonidine

31
Q

What are the pharmacologic effects of a2- adrenergic agonists? aa

A
32
Q

What are uses for a2-adrenergic agonists? When should use be avoided?

A
33
Q

What animals is xylazine hydrochloride most commonly used to sedate? Which animals is it not used for? How safe is it? What additional parameter should be monitored during the procedure?

A
34
Q

Which a2 adrenergic agonist is more potent than Xylazine, but less potent than dexmedetomadine? What is dose dependent in this drug?

A
35
Q

What alpha 2 adrenergic agonist is used primarily in horses aside from xylazine? What systems can it affect?

A
36
Q

What is the most potent and most selective a2-adrenergic agonist available for use in vet med? What is it used for? What is the benefits of its use?

A
37
Q

What is important to note about giving xylazine in horses? What is its contraindications/ when should it not be used in horses?

A

Do not use if patient has:
* Cardiac aberrations, renal insufficiency, hepatic impairment
* Epilepsy
* Combinations with ketamine should be use only in young and healthy animals
* Should not be given within the last month of pregnancy
* Immediate collapse, convulsions, and sudden death can occur in horse given Xylazine into carotid artery
* Xylazine inhibits insulin release in horses leading to hyperglycemia

  • USE CAUTION DURING ADMINISTRATION DUE TO COLLAPSE CONVULSION AND DEATH THAT CAN OCCUR IF IT GOES INTO CAROTID ARTERY. JUGULAR VEIN IS SUPER CLOSE!
38
Q

What is the MAO of Butyrophenone derivatives?

A

Block central dopamine D2 receptors

39
Q

What are the 2 main types of Butyrophenone derivatives used in veterinary medicine?

A
  • Azaperone
  • Droperidol
40
Q

What is azaperone used for usually? What can it be used for sometimes? What animal is it typically used in? When is it used? What receptors does it affect?

A
41
Q

What is droperidol used for usually? What animal is it typically used in? When is it used? What receptors does it affect?

A
42
Q

What drug should droperidol not be used with?

A

Epinephrine

43
Q

What is the MOA of opioids?

A

Opioids: MOA: Stimulate opioid receptors [mu (µ), kappa (κ), and delta (Δ)]

44
Q

What is the MOA of Benzodiazepines?

A

❑ Benzodiazepines (BZDs):
Bind to GABA receptors and enhance inhibitory effect of GABA

45
Q

What is the MOA of phenothiazine derivatives?

A

Block dopamine and/or serotonin receptors

46
Q

What are examples of opioids?

A

❖ Morphine
❖ Oxymorphine
❖ Fentanyl
❖ Carfentanil

47
Q

What are the catecholamines?

A
48
Q

Where are catecholamines produced?

A

Production: in the brain, nerve tissues, and adrenal glands

49
Q

When are catecholamines released? What do they control? What are their receptors?

A
50
Q

What are CNS stimulants ( analeptics?

A

Medicines that stimulate the brain, speeding up both mental and physical processes.
They increase energy, improve attention and alertness, and elevate blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate

51
Q

What is the MOA of analeptics (CNS stimulants)?

A

MOA: Promotion of neurotransmission
Amphetamines enhance release of DA and NE onto the synaptic gap by blocking dopamine and/or NE reuptake .

52
Q

What are the pharmacologic effects of CNS Stimulants (analeptics)?

A
53
Q

What are the adverse effects of CNS Stimulants?

A

Adverse Effects: High doses may induce seizures
Hypertension, arrhythmias, and hyperventilation Hepatotoxicity

54
Q

What is Doxapram? What is its MOA?

A

Doxapram: Is used most frequently in Veterinary Medicine as a CNS stimulant MOA: stimulates respiration through direct stimulation of the medullary respiratory centers and activation of carotid and aortic chemoreceptors

55
Q

What is the Therapeutic uses of Doxapram? When is it not very helpful?

A

Therapeutic uses:
*To arouse animals from inhalant and parenteral anesthesia or anesthetic overdose
* Not effective in severely depressed neonate and is not a good substitute forendotracheal intubation and ventilation

56
Q

What are the Adverse effects of doxapram?

A

Adverse effects:
* High doses may induce seizures
* Hypertension, arrhythmias, hyperventilation, and seizures may lead to respiratory alkalosis [a low level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood]

57
Q

What are signs and symptoms of accidental intoxication of analeptics in pets?

A

Signs and symptoms of toxicity in dogs:
* Agitation
* Increased heart rate
* Panting
* Tremors
* Increased body Temp
* Vomiting, Drooling
* Seizures

58
Q

What is the medical use in humans of analeptics? What are some examples of medications used in this way?

A

Medical use in humans: ADD and narcolepsy. methylphenidate, atomoxetine (ADD), modafinil (narcolepsy), armodafinil, amphetamines, ecstasy

59
Q

What are the pharmacological effects seen in pets that have accidental intoxication of CNS Stimulant medications?

A

Pharmacological effects: Simulant effects on mood and alertness, enhance energy, sociability, and sexual arousal

60
Q

What are the side effects of CNS stimulant ingestion and intoxication in dogs?

A
61
Q

What is cocaine? What is its MOA? What can it affect?

A

❖ Cocaine: Binds to dopamine transporter, blocking the removal of dopamine from the synapse.
- Dopamine accumulates in the synapse to produce amplified signal.
Affects also NE and serotonin neurotransmission
- illegal substance

62
Q

What is MDMA? What is its MOA?

A

❖ MDMA (MethyleneDioxyMetamphetAmine): is an indirect serotonin agonist,
increasing the amount of serotonin released into the synapse
- illegal substance

Introduction To Pharmacology I (26 decks)

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