Antiemetics Flashcards
What are the possible routes of administration of medications?
What is emesis? What is the common causes of emesis?
Why can drugs reach the Chemoceptor trigger zone quickly?
No BBB like the rest of the brain
What kind of emetics are there?
Locally acting ( affect GI tract)
Or
Centrally acting ( CTZ and Vomiting Center
What are the inputs that stimulate the vomiting system and cause nausea and vomiting?
What receptors affect CTZ? What may activate these receptors in the CTZ? What neurotransmitter’s would bind to these receptors and affect emesis?
NT:
Serotonin - 5-HT3
Substance P - NK1
Dopamine - D2
Endorphins - opioid R, CB1
What receptors affect Vomiting center? What may activate these receptors in the vomiting center? What neutotransmitters would bind to these receptors and affect emesis?
NT:
- Acetylcholine - M1
- Substance P - NK1
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What receptors affect Vestibular system? What may activate these receptors in the vestibular system? What neutotransmitters would bind to these receptors and affect emesis?
NT:
- Histamine - H1
- Acetylcholine - M3/5
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What receptors affect Vestibular system? What may activate these receptors in the vestibular system?
What receptors affect pharynx/ gi? What may activate these receptors in the pharynx/ gi? What are the neurotransmitters that bind to these receptors and affect emesis?
NT:
Serotonin- 5 HT3
Dopamine - D2
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What are drugs used in dogs to induce emesis?
❖ Apomorphine
❖ Hydrogen peroxide
What are drugs in cats used to induce emesis?
❖ Xylazine
❖ Medetomidine/dexmedetomidine
❖ Midazolam/Hydromorphone combination
What is important to remember in terms of how a drug responds to a receptor?
- remember drugs will have different actions on different receptors. So its important to know.
What kind of receptors do dogs have more of ? What does that mean?
What kind of receptors do dogs have more of ? What does that mean?
What is the MOA of Apomorphine? What animal is it given to and why? Who would not benefit from it?
Apomorphine -> Apokyn
Stimulates D2 and D1
Where does Apomorphine act on? What are some side effects/ effects of apomorphine?
If apomorphine causes emesis as well as suppression of vomiting, how is it a potent emetic?
Route of administration is important
What are the routes of administration for apomorphine? Which is the best?
What is a potential reversal for apomorphine for sedative/ opioid effects?
What can you use for cats to stimulate vomiting? What is the best one to use? Why is it a better option?
What are the reversals for a2 agonists that cause vomiting in cats?
What is the goal of antiemetic drugs? What are reasons you should use antiemetics? Signs you should not be using them?
What are the receptors affected by antiemetic drugs? What receptors do the effect?
What is the mechanism of action for ondansetron? What kind of drug was it? What are the uses and adverse effects of omeprazole?
What are the 2 types of dopamine antagonists and what are they used for? What is the MOA of dopamine D2 antagonists?
What are the uses of dopamine d2 antagonists? What are the potential adverse effects?
What is the MOA of substance P antagonists? What drugs are the examples that have antiemetic properties? When may it be used? What are potential adverse reactions?
What is the MOA of antihistamines? What are the drugs that are examples of this that have antiemetic properties?? What animals would utilize this drug better?
What are the uses for H1 antagonists? What are the potential adverse effects?
What is the MOA of Anticholinergics? What are the drugs that are examples that have antiemetic properties?? What is the routes of administration?
What are the uses of anticholinergics? What are the potential adverse effects?
What is a potential use for benzodiazepines in terms of nausea? What is the MOA?What drugs are examples of these that have antiemetic properties?? What routes can these drugs be given? What are the other uses of the benzodiazepines?
What are the adverse effects of benzodiazepines?
What is the MOA of corticosteroids? What are 2 corticosteroids that were mentioned that have antiemetic properties? What are the uses of corticosteroids?
What are the adverse effects of corticosteroids?
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