Antiemetics

Question 1

What are the possible routes of administration of medications?

Answer 1

Question 2

What is emesis? What is the common causes of emesis?

Answer 2

Question 3

Why can drugs reach the Chemoceptor trigger zone quickly?

Answer 3

No BBB like the rest of the brain

Question 4

What kind of emetics are there?

Answer 4

Locally acting ( affect GI tract)
Or
Centrally acting ( CTZ and Vomiting Center

Question 5

What are the inputs that stimulate the vomiting system and cause nausea and vomiting?

Answer 5

Question 6

What receptors affect CTZ? What may activate these receptors in the CTZ? What neurotransmitter’s would bind to these receptors and affect emesis?

Answer 6

NT:
Serotonin - 5-HT3
Substance P - NK1
Dopamine - D2
Endorphins - opioid R, CB1

Question 7

What receptors affect Vomiting center? What may activate these receptors in the vomiting center? What neutotransmitters would bind to these receptors and affect emesis?

Answer 7

NT:
- Acetylcholine - M1
- Substance P - NK1
***

Question 8

What receptors affect Vestibular system? What may activate these receptors in the vestibular system? What neutotransmitters would bind to these receptors and affect emesis?

Answer 8

NT:
- Histamine - H1
- Acetylcholine - M3/5
****

Question 9

What receptors affect Vestibular system? What may activate these receptors in the vestibular system?

Answer 9

Question 10

What receptors affect pharynx/ gi? What may activate these receptors in the pharynx/ gi? What are the neurotransmitters that bind to these receptors and affect emesis?

Answer 10

NT:
Serotonin- 5 HT3
Dopamine - D2
*****

Question 11

What are drugs used in dogs to induce emesis?

Answer 11

❖ Apomorphine
❖ Hydrogen peroxide

Question 12

What are drugs in cats used to induce emesis?

Answer 12

❖ Xylazine
❖ Medetomidine/dexmedetomidine
❖ Midazolam/Hydromorphone combination

Question 13

What is important to remember in terms of how a drug responds to a receptor?

Answer 13

• remember drugs will have different actions on different receptors. So its important to know.

Question 14

What kind of receptors do dogs have more of ? What does that mean?

Answer 14

Question 15

What kind of receptors do dogs have more of ? What does that mean?

Answer 15

Question 16

What is the MOA of Apomorphine? What animal is it given to and why? Who would not benefit from it?

Answer 16

Apomorphine -> Apokyn
Stimulates D2 and D1

Question 17

What is used in treatment of parkinsons? what must it be given with?

Answer 17

Apomorphine -> since its a potent emetic, it must be given with an antiemetic.

Question 18

Where does Apomorphine act on? What are some side effects/ effects of apomorphine?

Answer 18

Question 19

If apomorphine causes emesis as well as suppression of vomiting, how is it a potent emetic?

Answer 19

Route of administration is important

Question 20

What are the routes of administration for apomorphine? Which is the best?

Answer 20

Question 21

What is a potential reversal for apomorphine for sedative/ opioid effects?

Answer 21

Question 22

What is. a potential reversal for apomorphine when you need to stop emesis?

Answer 22

Acepromazine ( dopaminergic antagonist)

Question 23

What can you use for cats to stimulate vomiting? What is the best one to use? Why is it a better option?

Answer 23

Question 24

What are the reversals for a2 agonists that cause vomiting in cats?

Answer 24

Question 25

What is the goal of antiemetic drugs? What are reasons you should use antiemetics? Signs you should not be using them?

Answer 25

Question 26

What are the receptors affected by antiemetic drugs? What receptors do the effect?

Answer 26

Question 27

What is the mechanism of action for ondansetron? What kind of drug was it? What are the uses and adverse effects of omeprazole?

Answer 27

Question 28

What are the 2 types of dopamine antagonists and what are they used for? What is the MOA of dopamine D2 antagonists?

Answer 28

Question 29

What are the uses of dopamine d2 antagonists? What are the potential adverse effects?

Answer 29

Question 30

What is the MOA of substance P antagonists? What drugs are the examples that have antiemetic properties? When may it be used? What are potential adverse reactions?

Answer 30

Question 31

When should you give cerenia if you are going to be traveling and you are doing this for motion sickness prevention?

Answer 31

2 hours prior to travel

Question 32

What is the MOA of antihistamines? What are the drugs that are examples of this that have antiemetic properties?? What animals would utilize this drug better?

Answer 32

Question 33

What are the uses for H1 antagonists? What are the potential adverse effects?

Answer 33

Question 34

What is the MOA of Anticholinergics? What are the drugs that are examples that have antiemetic properties?? What is the routes of administration?

Answer 34

Question 35

What are the uses of anticholinergics? What are the potential adverse effects?

Answer 35

Question 36

What is a potential use for benzodiazepines in terms of nausea? What is the MOA?What drugs are examples of these that have antiemetic properties?? What routes can these drugs be given? What are the other uses of the benzodiazepines?

Answer 36

Question 37

What are the adverse effects of benzodiazepines?

Answer 37

Question 38

What is the MOA of corticosteroids? What are 2 corticosteroids that were mentioned that have antiemetic properties? What are the uses of corticosteroids?

Answer 38

Question 39

What are the adverse effects of corticosteroids?

Answer 39

Question 40

What is the types of canibinoids that have antiemetic properties? What is the MOA? What are the potential uses? What are the adverse effects?

Question 41

Answer 41

Question 42

BONUS SLIDE

Answer 42