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Introduction To Pharmacology I > Introduction to Pharmacology - Terminology and drug classification > Flashcards

Introduction to Pharmacology - Terminology and drug classification Flashcards

1
Q

The ebers papyrus contains ____ prescriptions/ dosages.

A

800

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2
Q

What is the famous saying by Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim?

A

All drugs are poison, Proper dose is what separates remedy from poison.

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3
Q

What are the 4 principles of pharmacokenetics?

A

ADME

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

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4
Q

What is being looked at in pharmacodynamics?

A

Cell/tissue response / involved receptors.

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5
Q

What is being looked at in the study of pharmacogenetics?

A

How genetics affect drugs/ therapies.

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6
Q

What is a drug?

A

A drug is a molecule that interacts with specific molecular components of an organism to produce biochemical and physiologic changes/effects

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7
Q

What are most drugs classified as?

A

Synthetic drugs

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8
Q

What are the three ways to name a drug?

A

Chemical name: IUPAC
Generic name (non proprietary)
Trade or proprietary name

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9
Q

What is the purpose of drug therapy?

A

To induce a desired pharmacological response.

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10
Q

What determines the degree of pharmacological response?

A

For the most drugs the degree of the pharmacologic response is related to the drug concentration at the tissue (receptor)

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11
Q

What does a drug cross from its site of administration to reach its site of action?

A

o A drug crosses several lipoidal membrane barriers from its site of administration to reach its
site of action

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12
Q

The processes that govern movement of drugs across lipid based biological membranes are important because?

A

The processes that govern the movement of drugs across lipid-based biological membranes are important and regulate its absorption, distribution and excretion from the animal

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13
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms by which drugs move through the body?

A
  1. ) Bulk Flow
  2. ) Passive diffusion
  3. ) Carrier mediated transport
  4. ) Endocytosis/ pinocytosis
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14
Q

What are the 2 major mechanisms/ most important for drugs to move through the body?

A
  1. ) Bulk Flow

2. ) Passive diffusion

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15
Q

How does bulk flow move drugs through the body?

A

Movement across the fenestrated capillaries of the body from plasma to tissue

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16
Q

What bulk flow dependent on to move drugs from plasma or tissue fluid? Does chemical nature affect this?

A

Is dependent on the concentration of drug dissolved in the plasma or tissue fluid
Chemical nature does not affect this.

17
Q

If you have an increase in concentration of a drug, you will have ____ diffusion via bulk flow

A

Easier

18
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A

Transmembrane diffusion. Uses channels for water soluble drug, and lipid soluble will dissolve through the membrane

19
Q

What factors influence passive diffusion of a drug across cell membranes?

A
  • Lipid solubility of the drug
  • Environmental pH
  • Surface area
  • Thickness of the membrane to be traversed (edematous V/S normal tissues)
  • Concentration of diffusible drug
20
Q

What method is the most common way that compounds move through the body?

A

Passive diffusion is the most common method by which compounds move through the body

21
Q

How does molecular weight of a compound affect passive diffusion?

A

Smaller weight diffuses easier.

22
Q

What is your partition coefficient?

A

Ratio determined by mixing drug in combo of water and organic solvent.
It will characterize the relative oil versus water affinity of a compound when it exists in its unionized form and Predict the ability of a drug to pass through cell membrane

23
Q

What does it mean if a partition coefficient has a ratio greater than 1?

A

increased lipid solubility and increased distribution.

24
Q

What kind of pH would a drug like?

A

like likes like

25
Q

When would a drug be more nonionized?

A

A drug will be more nonionized and more likely to diffuse into tissues when present in a “like” environment.
Drugs will be trapped by ionization when present in an “unlike” environment

26
Q

Weak acids are better absorbed in…

Weak bases are poorly absorbed in …

A

acidic conditions

acidic conditions

27
Q

Weak bases are better absorbed in…

Weak acids are poorly absorbed in …

A

alkaline conditions

alkaline conditions

28
Q

What part of the body is better to absorb a weak acid? A weak base?

A

stomach

gut

29
Q

What is carrier mediated transports?

A

Transport of drugs across the membrane via special carriers and receptors.

30
Q

Which drugs use carrier transports?

A

Non lipophillic drugs. This helps them to cross the membrane, since they cant really do it on their own.

31
Q

Does The laws of diffusion and ph partitioning govern transmembrane flux of drugs?

A

No

32
Q

What are the types of carrier mediated transport?

A
  • Facilitated diffusion ( passive transport (nonactive) (piggy back))
  • Active transport
33
Q

What are carrier mediated transporters important for?

A
  • GI transmission of nutrients/ drugs.
  • Cellular uptake (glucose)
  • Removal of drugs from CSF, Biliary and renal excretion of drugs.
34
Q

How does active transport work?

A
  • Drug transport is conducted by specific carrier proteins through the membrane
    • It requires cellular energy to move a drug against its concentration gradient. Energy is driven by the hidrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  • This can move drugs in either direction to absorb or remove a drug.
35
Q

What is P-Glycoprotien?

A
  • Often referred to as multidrug resistance protein MDR1 • ATP- driven efflux transporter (ABC transporter)
  • Encoded by the multidrug-resistance gene MDR1/ABCB1
36
Q

Where is MDR1 expressed?

A

• MDR1 is highly expressed at the blood-brain barrier, at the blood-testis
barrier and also in kidney, liver, intestine and placenta

37
Q

What is the goal of MDR1?

A

Protective. Keeps exogenous compounds out of critical tissues.

38
Q

What is endocytosis or pinocytosis?

A

A compound binds to the surface of the membrane. The membrane invaginates
and interiorizes the compound

39
Q

Is endocytosis or pinocytosis a primary mechanism of transmembrane passage for most theraputic drugs?

A

• This is not a primary mechanism of transmembrane passage for most
therapeutics drugs

Introduction To Pharmacology I (26 decks)

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