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Introduction To Pharmacology I > Introduction to Drugs of the CNS > Flashcards

Introduction to Drugs of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What pharmacological and psychological effects can drugs have on the CNS?

A

Relief of Pain  Induction to Anesthesia  Prevention of Epileptic Seizures  Treatment of Depression  Reduction of Anxiety

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2
Q

Why is there special importance attached to CNS drugs? What are examples to this?

A

Special importance (humans): recreational uses -> addiction/overdose
(alcohol, tea and coffee, nicotine, cannabis, ecstasy, opioids, cocaine, amphetamines)

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3
Q

What are CNS agents?

A

CNS agents are medicines that affect the CNS

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4
Q

CNS drugs affect the brain’s use and output of ____________.

A

CNS drugs affect the brain’s use and output of neurotransmitters (NT)

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5
Q

Drugs can speed up and slow down the productions of _________.

A
  • Neurotransmitters
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6
Q

What are analgesics?

A
  • Narcotic (pain relievers)
  • NonNarcotic (acetaminophen and NSAIDs)
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7
Q

What are components of the PNS?

A

Nerves

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8
Q

What are components of the CNS?

A

Brain, Spinal Cord

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9
Q

What is the afferent nervous system?

A

Sensory system that conveys information from the receptors to the CNS

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10
Q

What is the efferent nervous system?

A

Motor system that conveys information from CNS to the muscles and glands.

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11
Q

The CNS Has routes of incoming stimuli and outgoing stimuli/ actions. What are they called? What are they a part of?

A

Afferent -> sensory -> input
Efferent -> motor > output
Part of the PNS

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12
Q

What are components of the efferent system?

A

SNS -> Somatic Nervous system -> information from CNS to skeletal muscle
ANS-> autonomic nervous system -> CNS to 1.) smooth muscle. 2.) cardiac muscle, 3.) glands.

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13
Q

What are components of the autonomic nervous system (categories)?

A
  • Enteric nervous system
  • Sympathetic NS
  • Parasympathetic NS
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14
Q

What is Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimuli?

A
  • Parasympathetic -> Feed or breed, rest and digest, counteracts sympathetic, lower heartrate.
  • Sympathetic -> Emergency/ stress, fight or flight, allows body to function under stress. Increased heartrate, counteracts parasympathetic
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15
Q

What are the differences between human and dog brains?

A

Lots of similarities, dog brains are smaller, have less surface area, less folds

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16
Q

What is the composition of a nerve?

A

A Nerve is formed of nervous tissue (neurons plus blood vessels)

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17
Q

What is an efferent nerve?

A
  • Efferent nerve: nerves that conduct signals from the CNS along motor neurons to their target muscles and glands
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18
Q

What are afferent nerves?

A

Afferent nerve: carries nerve impulses from sensory receptors or sense organs toward
the CNS

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19
Q

What are mixed nerves?

A

Mixed nerve: nerves that contain both afferent and efferent axons, and thus conduct both incoming sensory information and outgoing muscle commands in the same bundle

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20
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

Spinal nerve: mixed nerve that carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body

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21
Q

What cells are the building blocks of the CNS?

A

The building blocks of the CNS are two types of cells: Neurons and Glial cells

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22
Q

What are neurons?

A

Neurons are specialized nerve cells that can receive and transmit chemical and electrical signals

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23
Q

What are glial cells/ neuroglia?

A

Glial cells or neuroglia: (support functions)  Astrocytes
 Oligodendrocytes (provide myelin for many axons)
 Microglial cells
 Ependymal cells

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24
Q

What is the structure of a neuron ?

A

A.) Dendrite
B.) Soma
C.) Axon
D.) Axon Terminal

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25
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

The process is occurring via orchestrated chemical (release of neurotransmitters) and electrical (alteration of neuronal membrane potential) actions

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26
Q

What is the arrow pointing at?

A
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27
Q

What are action potentials?

A

Action potentials are electrical signals carried along neurons. (nerve impulse): the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a neuron

  • All or nothing (on off switch) , one directional ( from body to axon terminal)
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28
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Neurotransmitters: the chemical messengers released from presynaptic neurons so they can “talk” to neighboring cells

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29
Q

What are neuron receptors?

A

The Receptor on the neighboring cell is for “hearing” the message

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30
Q

What are synapses? What are the kinds of synapses?

A

Synapses are junctions that allow signals to pass.
Chemical synapse:
* Ionotropic receptors (Ligand-gated ion proteins)
* Metabotropic receptors (G-protein coupled proteins)
Electrical synapse:
* Gap junction proteins

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31
Q

What causes electrical signals? What is the membrane potential?

A

Electrical signal happens when the polarity across their plasma membrane changes Membrane potential: the differences between inside and outside of the cell

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32
Q

What is the composition of a cell with resting potential?

A

Inside Negative, outside +, channels are closed.

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33
Q

What is the composition of a cell with action potential?

A

inside positive, negative outside, channels are open

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34
Q

Which ion channel is open, closed, and inactivated? What does each mean?

A
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35
Q

What causes changes in polarization?

A

Changes in polarization occur when ion channels in the membrane open or close,
altering the ability of particular types of ions to enter or exit the neuron

36
Q

What is depolarization? What does this cause? What kind of potential is present?

A

Positive potential: Depolarization – the opening of channels that let Na+ rush into a neuron

The neuron sends electrical signal

37
Q

What is hyperpolarization? What does this cause? What kind of potential is present?

A

Negative potential: Hyperpolarization – the opening of channels that let negative ions flow in
Prevents the neuron from receiving another stimulus

38
Q

What kind of synapse is seen here? What is an example of this?

A
39
Q

What kind of synapse is seen here? What is an example of this?

A
40
Q

What are the steps of neuonal communication?

A
41
Q

What are examples of amino acid neurotransmitters? What is their location?

A

Neurotransmitters: Glycine, Glutamate, Amino acid, Aspartate, γ aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Location: CNS

42
Q

Why are neurotransmitters secreted?

A

A NT is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell (neuron, gland, muscle cell) across a synapse

43
Q

What are exampled of biogenic amines? Where are they found?

A

Neurotransmitter: Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine
Location: CNS and /or PNS
Related to Amino acids: i.e :
dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine to tyrosine
serotonin to tryptophan histamine to histidine

44
Q

What are exampled of Neuromuscular transmitters? Where are they found?

A

Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine
Location: CNS and/or PNS

45
Q

What are exampled of Purinergic transmitters? Where are they found?

A

Neurotransmitters: Adenosine, ATP
Location: CNS/ PNS

46
Q

What are exampled of Neuropeptide transmitters? Where are they found?

A

Neurotransmitters: Substance P, Endorphins
Location: CNS and or PNS

47
Q

What is the key neurotransmitters found at neuromuscular junctions/ synapses?

A

Acetylcholine

48
Q

What are neuropeptides made of?

A

3 or more amino acids

49
Q

What is/ what does substance P do?

A

Substance P (11 aa): carries pain signals and stimulates vomiting (high in VC)

50
Q

What is neuropeptide Y?

A

Neuropeptide Y: stimulates eating

51
Q

What do endorphins and enkephalins do?

A

inhibit pain

52
Q

What is the amino acid composition of enkephalin?

A

Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met

53
Q

What are types of steroids?

A

Androgens and estrogens

54
Q

What is dopamine? What does it contribute to?

A

Dopamine: important in addiction and pleasure-seeking; over-eating, movements, attention and learning, low in Parkinson’s disease

55
Q

What is serotonin effects? What is it linked to?

A

Serotonin: (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT). Important for sleep, appetite, temperature regulation, mood, anxiety, pain, memory, aggression, and perception. Linked with depression.

56
Q

What is acetylcholine effects? What is it linked to?

A

Acetylcholine: muscle and heart contractions; blockage causes paralysis, low in Alzheimer’s

57
Q

What is norepinephrines involvement? When is it released? How does it help us?

A

Norepinephrine: involved in body’s emergency response and behavioral processes. Released in (Noradrenalin) stress, excitement. Helps brain work faster, lift our mood, makes us feel alert and focused

58
Q

What is gaba / glycine? What can occur if it is disrupted? What increases the action of gaba and what is its effect?

A

GABA/ Glycine: are inhibitors that keeps neural communication under control. If disrupted:
* seizure, epilepsy. Alcohol and valium boost the action of GABA, make you calm.

59
Q

What is glutamate? What is it important for? What can low levels cause?

A
  • Glutamate: major excitatory NT in the CNS, normal brain functioning, linked to many other pathways, learning and memory. Anxiety, PTS, OCD, mania, depression, psychosis, schizop
60
Q

What is histamine? What is it important for?

A
  • Histamine: (brain and spinal cord), arousal, attention, feeding behavior, and memory
61
Q

What is substance P important for?

A

Substance P: implicated in reproduction, social behaviors, appetite, arousal, pain,
reward, and learning and memory

62
Q

What is orexin? What can happen in patients that are lacking it?

A

Orexin: (like glutamate): energy homeostasis. Animals lacking orexin system have narcolepsy and disrupted
sleep-wake pattern

63
Q

How does NT receptor complexes regulate membrane potential?

A

The NT-receptor complex may directly regulate the membrane potential by altering permeability of the cell membrane through opening or closing specific ion channels

64
Q

What can the NT receptor complex initiate?

A

The NT-receptor complex may initiate a sequence of chemical reactions that alter ion transport across the membrane.

65
Q

What are second messengers?

A

Specific intracellular signal molecules are called second messenger.

66
Q

What are receptor the site of?

A

Receptors are the site of action for exogenous DRUGS (usually G protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs)

67
Q

The second messenger system _____ and _____ the cellular response to ____ -_____ binding

A

The second messenger system sustains and amplifies the cellular response to DRUG-RECEPTOR binding

68
Q

What are the neurotransmitter receptor functions?

A

EPSPs: depolarization leading to action potentials
IPSP: hyper-polarization leading to resting potentials.

69
Q

What is the main excitatory transmitter in the CNS?

A

Glutamate is the main excitatory transmitter in the CNS

70
Q

What is the main inhibitory NT in the Adult Vertebrate Brain?

A

GABA is the main inhibitory NT in the adult vertebrate brain

71
Q

What is the main inhibitory NT in the spinal cord?

A

Glycine is the main inhibitory NT in the spinal cord

72
Q

What are EPSPs? IPSPs?

A

EPSP: Excitatory PostSynaptic Potentials
IPSP: Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potentials

73
Q

What determines the effect a certain NT will have at a given synapse ?

A

Whether the effect of a certain NT is excitatory or inhibitory at a given synapse depends on which of its receptor(s) are present on the postsynaptic (target) cell.

74
Q

What are excitatory neurotransmitters?

A
  • Glutamate
  • Aspartate
75
Q

What are inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A
  • GABA
  • Glycine
76
Q

What are mixed neurotransmitters?

A

Mixed
* Acetylcholine (Ach)
* Norepinephrine (NE)
* Epinephrine (EP)
* Dopamine(D)
* Serotonin (5-HT)

77
Q

When a ligand gated receptor opens, what happens to the membrane potential? G coupled receptor?

A
  • Depolarizes
  • Depolarizes
78
Q

What are excitatory skeletal muscle receptors of acetylocholine?What kind of recptor is this?

A
  • Nicotinic Ach receptors. This causes depolarization. This is a ligand gated ion channel.
79
Q

What are excitatory skeletal muscle receptors of acetylcholine?What kind of receptor is this?

A
  • Nicotinic Ach receptors. This causes depolarization. This is a ligand gated ion channel.
80
Q

What is the action of acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors?

A

Promotion of muscle contractions

81
Q

What is the action of muscarinic on nicotinic receptors?

A

Inhibition of muscle contraction

82
Q
A
83
Q

What are Gpcrs? What do they do?

A

G Protein - Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)
- CPCRs are main targets of existing drugs (30-50-% drugs bind to them)
- GPCRs detect molecules outside the cells and activate cellular responses GPCRs regulate sensory (taste, light, smell) and non-sensory (neurological and endocrine) signals
- GPCRs comprise the largest family of transmembrane receptors (~ 1000 in humans)
- GPCRs are 7 transmembrane helixes (7-transmembrane receptors, 7TM- R)

84
Q

What is the structure of GPCRs?

A

Structure: 7 transmembrane alpha helixes receptors interact (coupled) with trimetic signal-transducing G-proteins
G-proteins consist of α, β, and γ subunits
1) Each receptor binds to its ligand,
2) conformational changes
3) α separates from β and γ,
4) they interact with other proteins

85
Q

What does 2nd messengers (cAMP) act on?

A

5) 2nd messengers (cAMP) act on heart, muscle, vessels

86
Q

Where does adrenalin bind?

A

Adrenalin (Epinephrine) binds β-adrenergic receptor (GPCR)

87
Q

What occurs after Epinephrine Binds to B-adrenergic receptors?

A
  • ATP cAMP -2nd messenger
  • muscle, heart, dilate blood vessels

Introduction To Pharmacology I (26 decks)

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