Toxicology Midterm

Question 1

What does water hemlock cause in horses?

Answer 1

anxiety, tremors, seizures, acute death

Question 2

What does water hemlock look like?

Answer 2

white flowers, vein do not go all the way to end of leaves

Question 3

What does poison hemlock cause in horses?

Answer 3

ptyalism, weakness, colic, ataxia, urination, tremors, acute

Question 4

What does poison hemlock look like?

Answer 4

purple spots on leaves, tap root, often solitary

Question 5

What toxin can cause liver damage and cause hepatic encephalopathy in horses?

Answer 5

pyrrizaldone alkaloids

Question 6

What drug can be used to help with serotonin component of stimulant drugs?

Answer 6

cyproheptadine

Question 7

What is the MOA of pyrethroid toxicity?

Answer 7

open sodium channels - constant neuronal stimulation

Question 8

What is the MOA of bromethalin toxicity?

Answer 8

uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in neurons -> edema in myelin and axons

Question 9

What are the different syndromes associated with bromethalin toxicity?

Answer 9

acute/convulsant - high doses in dogs

chronic/paralytic - cats and low doses in dogs

Question 10

What anion gap is suggestive of ethylene glycol exposure?

Answer 10

> 25

Question 11

What drug is a non-competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase and used in ethylene glycol toxicity?

Answer 11

fomepizole

Question 12

What are the 3 stages of ethylene glycol toxicosis?

Answer 12

1 - neurological and GI (ataxia and lethargy
2 - severe acidosis (12-24 hrs)
3 - renal failure

Question 13

What are the clinical signs of cholecalciferol toxicosis?

Answer 13

early - weakness, lethargy, anorexia

later - (24-48 hrs) oliguria

Question 14

What is the decontaminate dosage for most anticoagulant rodenticides? warfarin?

Answer 14

most - 0.02 mg/kg

warfarin - 0.5 mg/kg

Question 15

What test in SA should be measured after anticoagulant toxicity? in horses?

Answer 15

PT (at 48hrs and 72hrs post exposure)

horses: PTT prolongs before PT, q24 hrs for 3 days

Question 16

What is the treatment for bromethalin toxicity?

Answer 16

decrease cerebral edema - furosemide, mannitol, dex
manage tremors - diazepam, barbiturates
minimize stimulation

Question 17

What is the treatment for hypercalcimia caused by cholecalciferol?

Answer 17

0.9 NaCl diuresis
furosemid
corticosteroids
pamidronate
phosphate binder
low ca diet