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VM 611 > Optho Final > Flashcards

Optho Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference in superficial and deep blood vessels in the eyes?

A

superficial - branch like trees

deep - like a hedge

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2
Q

What is pannus? What causes it?

A

chronic superficial keratitis, non painful, progressive

cause - immune mediated, starts laterally

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3
Q

What breed gets pigmentary keratopathy?

A

pugs

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4
Q

What dog breeds get limbal melanoma?

A

GSD, golden retrievers, labs

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5
Q

What makes up feline corneal sequestrum?

A

necrotic corneal stroma

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6
Q

What is the tx for feline corneal sequestrum?

A

surgical resection

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7
Q

What causes yellow corneal opacity?

A

cellular infilatration - infection

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8
Q

What breeds get episcleritis?

A

cocker spaniels, collies

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9
Q

How is esoniophilic keratitis in cats treated?

A

cyclosporine
topical steroids - less common
megesterol acetate

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10
Q

How can you tell the difference between nuclear sclerosis and cataracts?

A

nuclear sclerosis is transparent, can see through it with ophthalmoscope

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11
Q

What are the different stages of cataracts?

A 
Incipient (less than 10%)
Immature
Mature - solid opaque marble, PLR normal
Hypermature - capsule wrinkled
Morgagnian - liquefication
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12
Q

What enzyme is the rate limiting step in pathogensis of diabetic cataract formation?

A

aldose reductase

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13
Q

What breeds are predisposed to primary lens luxation?

A

jack russells and related breeds - zonular dysgenesis

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of lens luxation in cats and horses?

A

uveitis

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15
Q

Term for a space between the lens equator and pupillary margin that happens in lens subluxation.

A

aphakic crescent

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16
Q

What iris abnormality is characterized by irregular pupillary ruff and holes in iris stroma and is an aging change?

A

iris atrophy

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17
Q

What are the most common primary tumors of the uvea in dogs, felines and equines?

A

dogs - melanocytomas, ciliary body adenomas
feline - diffuse iris melanoma
equine - melanoma

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18
Q

What are the most common secondary tumors of the uvea in dogs and cats?

A

lymphosarcoma

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19
Q

How can you differentiate between a melanoma and a uveal cyst?

A

transillumination - cysts transilluminate whereas melanomas are solid

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20
Q

What is the most common cause of uveitis in all species?

A

idiopathic

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21
Q

What are some common causes of uveitis in dogs?

A

cataract, reflex uveitis (ulcers), idiopathic, lipemic aqueous, uveodermatologic syndrome

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22
Q

What are common causes of uveitis in cats?

A

bartonella, crypto, histo toxo (systemic dzs)

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23
Q

By what 2 mechanisms can uveitis lead to glaucoma?

A 
PIFVM (membrane)
Iris bombe (360 synechiae)
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24
Q

What is the unconventional outflow pathway of aqueous?

A

vitreous - uveal tract - supraviliary suprachoidal space - adjacent sclera

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25
Q

What breeds are predisposed to primary glaucoma?

A

basset, boston, cocker, lab, shih tzu, fox terrier

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26
Q

What CS are associated with acute glaucoma?

A

corneal edema, mydriasis, episcleral injection, blindness, pain

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27
Q

What CS are associated with chronic glaucoma?

A

blindness, cupped optic nerve, tapetal hyperreflectivity, buphthalmos, descemets striae, lens luxation

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28
Q

What is the normal intraocular pressure of domestic species?

A

12-24 mmHg

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29
Q

What 2 causes of glaucoma cause a PIFVM to form and consequently glaucoma?

A

uveitis

tumors with angiogenic factors

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30
Q

What drugs for glaucoma decrease aqueous humor production only?

A

CAIs

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31
Q

What 3 classes of drugs for glaucoma act by increasing aqueous humor outflow?

A 
PG analogs (latanoprost)
cholinesterase inhibiters (demacarium)
parasympathomimetics (pilo)
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32
Q

What 2 classes of drugs for glaucoma both decrease humor production and increase outflow?

A 
sympathomimetics (dipivefrin)
beta blockers (timolol)
33
Q

How should acute glaucoma be treated in the vet clinic?

A

measure IOP, give 1 drop latanoprost or dorzolamide/timolol every 5 mins for 30 mins, recheck IOP, repeat cycle until under 25 mmHg

34
Q

What breeds are predisposed to persistent hyperplastic primary viterous?

A

dobies and staffordshires

35
Q

What developmental problem results in calcium or lipid deposits in vitreous that move when the eye is moved?

A

asteroid hyalosis

36
Q

Name the 10 layers of the retina.

A 
Ret. pig epi
Photoreceptors
Ext limiting memb
outer nuclear 
outer plex
inner nuclear
inner plex
ganglion cells
nerve fibers
int limiting memb
37
Q

Which species have holangiotic retinas?

A

small animals and ruminants

38
Q

Which species have paurangiotic retinas?

A

equine and marsupial

39
Q

Which species have merangiotic retinas?

A

rabbits

40
Q

Which species have anangiotic retinas?

A

birds

41
Q

Is collie eye anomoly progressive?

A

no

42
Q

What lesions are seen in collie eye anomoly?

A

coloboma at 6 o clock, detachment, blindness, choroidal hyperplasia, hemorrhage, vermiform streaks

43
Q

What retinal disease is characterized by bilateral acute diminished vision in subdued light with loss of peripherals and mydriasis?

A

progressive retinal atrophy

44
Q

What retinal disease is characterized by sudden onset of day and night blindness with sluggish PLRs and PU PD?

A

sudden acquired retinal degeneration (SARD)

45
Q

What retinal disease of cats is characterized by cigar shaped lesion in area centralis and hyperreflective tapetum?

A

feline central retinal degeneration

46
Q

What is the cause of feline central retinal degeneration?

A

lack of taurine

47
Q

What is the most common cause of retinal detachment?

A

systemic hypertension

48
Q

What are probable causes of retinal hemorrhage?

A

hypertension, coagulopathies (NOT trauma)

49
Q

What CS are associated with optic neuritis?

A

No PLRs, visual deficit, optic disc swollen, irregular dilated retinal vessels

50
Q

What are some causes of optic neuritis?

A

GME, distemper, crypto, blasto, histo, toxo

51
Q

Term for elevation of disc surface above retina. What does it indicate?

A

papilledema - indicates occupying mass causing increased CSF pressure

52
Q

Are inactive retinal lesions hypo or hyper-reflective?

A

hyperreflective

53
Q

What are unique features of the ruminant eye?

A

increased # of corneal layers
corpora nigra
horizontal pupil
complete bony orbit

54
Q

What are unique features of the camelid eye?

A

ribbon like pupillary ruff, NO tapetum

55
Q

What are unique features of the pig eye?

A

no tapetum, incomplete orbit

56
Q

What are unique features of the avian eye?

A

thinner cornea

57
Q

How is SCC in cow eyes treated?

A

surgical excision + other treatment such as cryoablation

58
Q

What is the most common structure to be affected by lymphoma in a cow?

A

orbit (retrobulbar)

59
Q

How can you differentiate mycoplasma and chlamydophila in small ruminants?

A

mycoplasma - may cause ulceration, intracyto inclusions

60
Q

What are the effects of mareks disease in a chickens eye?

A

systemic neoplasia that affects uveal tract causing inflammation, cataract, blindness

61
Q

What nerve is blocked for examination of the equine eye? how?

A

CN VII, caudal aspect of zygomatic arch, 1-2 ml lidocaine with 25g needle

62
Q

What are the 2 most common ocular tumors of horses?

A

SCC

periocular sarcoid

63
Q

How long can atropine have an effect on a normal horse pupil?

A

2-4 weeks

64
Q

What are the 3 most common sequelae of equine recurrent uveitis?

A

cataract, retinal detachment, glaucoma

65
Q

What is the best treatment for equine recurrent uvieitis? MOA?

A

suprachoroidal cyclosporine A implant - prevents T cell mediated destruction

66
Q

Which exotic animals have a large venous plexus in the posterior orbit and care should be taken during enucleation?

A

ferrets, rabbits, mice/rats

67
Q

Which exotic animals have a anangiotic fundus?

A

chinchilla, bird, reptiles

68
Q

Which exotic animasl has a holoangiotic fundus?

A

ferret, mice/rats

69
Q

Which exotic animal has a paurangiotic fundus?

A

guinea pig

70
Q

What are CS of encephalitozoon infection in rabbits?

A

intralenticular abscess, cataracts, lens capsule rupture

71
Q

What is the tx for encephalitozoon in rabbits?

A

fenbendazole + NSAIDs

larger - phacoemulsification

72
Q

What bacteria causes conjuctivitis in rabbits?

A

pasturella multocida

73
Q

What bacteria causes conjuvtivitis in chinchillas?

A

chlamydophila

74
Q

What underlying disease causes dacryocystitis in rabbits?

A

dental disease

75
Q

WHat are some causes of chromodacryorrhea in rats/mice?

A

blood sampling from orbital venous sinus, environmental irritants, bacteria, viruses

76
Q

What are the 2 agents that cause conjuctivitis in birds?

A

mycoplasma and chlamydophila psittaci

77
Q

What is the treatment for conjunctivitis in birds?

A

topical fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines

78
Q

What is the underlying disease that causes subspectacular abscesses in snakes?

A

ascending infections thru nasolacrimal duct from oral cavity dz

79
Q

What is the treatment for subspectacular abscesses in snakes?

A

drainage window in spectacle, culture and topical antibiotics, treat stomatitis

VM 611 (16 decks)

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