Optho Final

Question 1

What is the difference in superficial and deep blood vessels in the eyes?

Answer 1

superficial - branch like trees

deep - like a hedge

Question 2

What is pannus? What causes it?

Answer 2

chronic superficial keratitis, non painful, progressive

cause - immune mediated, starts laterally

Question 3

What breed gets pigmentary keratopathy?

Answer 3

pugs

Question 4

What dog breeds get limbal melanoma?

Answer 4

GSD, golden retrievers, labs

Question 5

What makes up feline corneal sequestrum?

Answer 5

necrotic corneal stroma

Question 6

What is the tx for feline corneal sequestrum?

Answer 6

surgical resection

Question 7

What causes yellow corneal opacity?

Answer 7

cellular infilatration - infection

Question 8

What breeds get episcleritis?

Answer 8

cocker spaniels, collies

Question 9

How is esoniophilic keratitis in cats treated?

Answer 9

cyclosporine
topical steroids - less common
megesterol acetate

Question 10

How can you tell the difference between nuclear sclerosis and cataracts?

Answer 10

nuclear sclerosis is transparent, can see through it with ophthalmoscope

Question 11

What are the different stages of cataracts?

Answer 11

Incipient (less than 10%)
Immature
Mature - solid opaque marble, PLR normal
Hypermature - capsule wrinkled
Morgagnian - liquefication

Question 12

What enzyme is the rate limiting step in pathogensis of diabetic cataract formation?

Answer 12

aldose reductase

Question 13

What breeds are predisposed to primary lens luxation?

Answer 13

jack russells and related breeds - zonular dysgenesis

Question 14

What is the most common cause of lens luxation in cats and horses?

Answer 14

uveitis

Question 15

Term for a space between the lens equator and pupillary margin that happens in lens subluxation.

Answer 15

aphakic crescent

Question 16

What iris abnormality is characterized by irregular pupillary ruff and holes in iris stroma and is an aging change?

Answer 16

iris atrophy

Question 17

What are the most common primary tumors of the uvea in dogs, felines and equines?

Answer 17

dogs - melanocytomas, ciliary body adenomas
feline - diffuse iris melanoma
equine - melanoma

Question 18

What are the most common secondary tumors of the uvea in dogs and cats?

Answer 18

lymphosarcoma

Question 19

How can you differentiate between a melanoma and a uveal cyst?

Answer 19

transillumination - cysts transilluminate whereas melanomas are solid

Question 20

What is the most common cause of uveitis in all species?

Answer 20

idiopathic

Question 21

What are some common causes of uveitis in dogs?

Answer 21

cataract, reflex uveitis (ulcers), idiopathic, lipemic aqueous, uveodermatologic syndrome

Question 22

What are common causes of uveitis in cats?

Answer 22

bartonella, crypto, histo toxo (systemic dzs)

Question 23

By what 2 mechanisms can uveitis lead to glaucoma?

Answer 23

PIFVM (membrane)
Iris bombe (360 synechiae)

Question 24

What is the unconventional outflow pathway of aqueous?

Answer 24

vitreous - uveal tract - supraviliary suprachoidal space - adjacent sclera

Question 25

What breeds are predisposed to primary glaucoma?

Answer 25

basset, boston, cocker, lab, shih tzu, fox terrier

Question 26

What CS are associated with acute glaucoma?

Answer 26

corneal edema, mydriasis, episcleral injection, blindness, pain

Question 27

What CS are associated with chronic glaucoma?

Answer 27

blindness, cupped optic nerve, tapetal hyperreflectivity, buphthalmos, descemets striae, lens luxation

Question 28

What is the normal intraocular pressure of domestic species?

Answer 28

12-24 mmHg

Question 29

What 2 causes of glaucoma cause a PIFVM to form and consequently glaucoma?

Answer 29

uveitis | tumors with angiogenic factors

Question 30

What drugs for glaucoma decrease aqueous humor production only?

Answer 30

CAIs

Question 31

What 3 classes of drugs for glaucoma act by increasing aqueous humor outflow?

Answer 31

``` PG analogs (latanoprost) cholinesterase inhibiters (demacarium) parasympathomimetics (pilo) ```

Question 32

What 2 classes of drugs for glaucoma both decrease humor production and increase outflow?

Answer 32

``` sympathomimetics (dipivefrin) beta blockers (timolol) ```

Question 33

How should acute glaucoma be treated in the vet clinic?

Answer 33

measure IOP, give 1 drop latanoprost or dorzolamide/timolol every 5 mins for 30 mins, recheck IOP, repeat cycle until under 25 mmHg

Question 34

What breeds are predisposed to persistent hyperplastic primary viterous?

Answer 34

dobies and staffordshires

Question 35

What developmental problem results in calcium or lipid deposits in vitreous that move when the eye is moved?

Answer 35

asteroid hyalosis

Question 36

Name the 10 layers of the retina.

Answer 36

``` Ret. pig epi Photoreceptors Ext limiting memb outer nuclear outer plex inner nuclear inner plex ganglion cells nerve fibers int limiting memb ```

Question 37

Which species have holangiotic retinas?

Answer 37

small animals and ruminants

Question 38

Which species have paurangiotic retinas?

Answer 38

equine and marsupial

Question 39

Which species have merangiotic retinas?

Answer 39

rabbits

Question 40

Which species have anangiotic retinas?

Answer 40

birds

Question 41

Is collie eye anomoly progressive?

Answer 41

no

Question 42

What lesions are seen in collie eye anomoly?

Answer 42

coloboma at 6 o clock, detachment, blindness, choroidal hyperplasia, hemorrhage, vermiform streaks

Question 43

What retinal disease is characterized by bilateral acute diminished vision in subdued light with loss of peripherals and mydriasis?

Answer 43

progressive retinal atrophy

Question 44

What retinal disease is characterized by sudden onset of day and night blindness with sluggish PLRs and PU PD?

Answer 44

sudden acquired retinal degeneration (SARD)

Question 45

What retinal disease of cats is characterized by cigar shaped lesion in area centralis and hyperreflective tapetum?

Answer 45

feline central retinal degeneration

Question 46

What is the cause of feline central retinal degeneration?

Answer 46

lack of taurine

Question 47

What is the most common cause of retinal detachment?

Answer 47

systemic hypertension

Question 48

What are probable causes of retinal hemorrhage?

Answer 48

hypertension, coagulopathies (NOT trauma)

Question 49

What CS are associated with optic neuritis?

Answer 49

No PLRs, visual deficit, optic disc swollen, irregular dilated retinal vessels

Question 50

What are some causes of optic neuritis?

Answer 50

GME, distemper, crypto, blasto, histo, toxo

Question 51

Term for elevation of disc surface above retina. What does it indicate?

Answer 51

papilledema - indicates occupying mass causing increased CSF pressure

Question 52

Are inactive retinal lesions hypo or hyper-reflective?

Answer 52

hyperreflective

Question 53

What are unique features of the ruminant eye?

Answer 53

increased # of corneal layers corpora nigra horizontal pupil complete bony orbit

Question 54

What are unique features of the camelid eye?

Answer 54

ribbon like pupillary ruff, NO tapetum

Question 55

What are unique features of the pig eye?

Answer 55

no tapetum, incomplete orbit

Question 56

What are unique features of the avian eye?

Answer 56

thinner cornea

Question 57

How is SCC in cow eyes treated?

Answer 57

surgical excision + other treatment such as cryoablation

Question 58

What is the most common structure to be affected by lymphoma in a cow?

Answer 58

orbit (retrobulbar)

Question 59

How can you differentiate mycoplasma and chlamydophila in small ruminants?

Answer 59

mycoplasma - may cause ulceration, intracyto inclusions

Question 60

What are the effects of mareks disease in a chickens eye?

Answer 60

systemic neoplasia that affects uveal tract causing inflammation, cataract, blindness

Question 61

What nerve is blocked for examination of the equine eye? how?

Answer 61

CN VII, caudal aspect of zygomatic arch, 1-2 ml lidocaine with 25g needle

Question 62

What are the 2 most common ocular tumors of horses?

Answer 62

SCC | periocular sarcoid

Question 63

How long can atropine have an effect on a normal horse pupil?

Answer 63

2-4 weeks

Question 64

What are the 3 most common sequelae of equine recurrent uveitis?

Answer 64

cataract, retinal detachment, glaucoma

Question 65

What is the best treatment for equine recurrent uvieitis? MOA?

Answer 65

suprachoroidal cyclosporine A implant - prevents T cell mediated destruction

Question 66

Which exotic animals have a large venous plexus in the posterior orbit and care should be taken during enucleation?

Answer 66

ferrets, rabbits, mice/rats

Question 67

Which exotic animals have a anangiotic fundus?

Answer 67

chinchilla, bird, reptiles

Question 68

Which exotic animasl has a holoangiotic fundus?

Answer 68

ferret, mice/rats

Question 69

Which exotic animal has a paurangiotic fundus?

Answer 69

guinea pig

Question 70

What are CS of encephalitozoon infection in rabbits?

Answer 70

intralenticular abscess, cataracts, lens capsule rupture

Question 71

What is the tx for encephalitozoon in rabbits?

Answer 71

fenbendazole + NSAIDs | larger - phacoemulsification

Question 72

What bacteria causes conjuctivitis in rabbits?

Answer 72

pasturella multocida

Question 73

What bacteria causes conjuvtivitis in chinchillas?

Answer 73

chlamydophila

Question 74

What underlying disease causes dacryocystitis in rabbits?

Answer 74

dental disease

Question 75

WHat are some causes of chromodacryorrhea in rats/mice?

Answer 75

blood sampling from orbital venous sinus, environmental irritants, bacteria, viruses

Question 76

What are the 2 agents that cause conjuctivitis in birds?

Answer 76

mycoplasma and chlamydophila psittaci

Question 77

What is the treatment for conjunctivitis in birds?

Answer 77

topical fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines

Question 78

What is the underlying disease that causes subspectacular abscesses in snakes?

Answer 78

ascending infections thru nasolacrimal duct from oral cavity dz

Question 79

What is the treatment for subspectacular abscesses in snakes?

Answer 79

drainage window in spectacle, culture and topical antibiotics, treat stomatitis