Critical Care Midterm

Question 1

What is the only way to measure ventilation in a patient?

Answer 1

PaCO2

Question 2

What are the 2 causes of bradycardia in cats in ER?

Answer 2

sepsis and hyperkalemia

Question 3

What can high BP mean in a patient?

Answer 3

poor perfusion or normal perfusion

Question 4

What does lactate indicate?

Answer 4

anaerobic metabolism, elevated = decreased perfusion

Question 5

How is hyperosmolar diabetic syndrome treated?

Answer 5

replace hydration over 24 hrs, monitor sodium and glucose levels

Question 6

What are the electrolyte problems with an addisons crisis?

Answer 6

hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, azotemic, hypoglycemic

Question 7

What are the pseudo-addison crisis diseases?

Answer 7

acute renal failure
whipworms
third spacing

Question 8

What EKG signs will be seen with an addisons crisis?

Answer 8

bradycardia, hyperkalemic changes (atrial standstill, tented T waves, absent P waves)

Question 9

What is the treatment for hyperkalemia in an addisons crisis patient?

Answer 9

calcium gluconate (stabilizes heart)
insulin if NOT hypoglycemic

Question 10

What is the emergency treatment for addisons disease?

Answer 10

balanced electrolyte fluids
dexamethasone sodium phosphate
DO NOT use hydrocortisone (will mess up acth test)

Question 11

What are complications of hyperadrenocorticism that would lead to an emergency?

Answer 11

pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE)
hypertension

Question 12

What species get hyperaldosteronism?

Answer 12

cats

Question 13

What will be seen on a coag and cbc for heat stroke?

Answer 13

prolonged Pt/PTT
thrombocytopenia
nRBCs

Question 14

When should you stop cooling an animal down when its in heat stroke?

Answer 14

temp at 103.5

Question 15

How does hypothermia affect the kidneys?

Answer 15

“cold diuresis” with renal enzyme suppression - dehydration

Question 16

What type of enzyme is viper venom?

Answer 16

is a phospholipase A2 –> inflammation, coag, etc

Question 17

How does snake venom affect coagulation?

Answer 17

forms weak clots by not activating factor XIII

Question 18

What pain meds should be avoided in rattlesnake bites?

Answer 18

NSAIDs/steroids (shock state)

Question 19

What can indicate a severe anaphylactic reaction in an animal that responds well to fluids?

Answer 19

high ALT

Question 20

Where is the incision made for open chest CPR?

Answer 20

5-6 ICS

Question 21

What are common causes of cardiac arrest?

Answer 21

DKA on high dose insulin, acute renal failure on high dose fluids

Question 22

What amount of fluids should be given to a CPA patient if euvolemic? hypovolemic?

Answer 22

euvolemic: 20 ml/kg in dog, 10 ml/kg in cat
hypo: : 90 ml/kg in dog, 45 ml/kg in cat

Question 23

What drugs are used during CPR?

Answer 23

epinephrine
atropine
vasopressin

Question 24

Are crystalloids good for hypovolemia or dehydration?

Answer 24

dehydration (but not hypovolemia)

Question 25

What are the 3 different types of crystalloid fluids?

Answer 25

.9 NaCl - very acidifying
LRS
NormasolR - can bolus

Question 26

What is the goal of colloids?

Answer 26

large solutes that remain IV, raises oncotic pressure

Question 27

What is the type of maintenence fluid that should NEVER be bolused?

Answer 27

Normosol-M

Question 28

What maintenence fluid is good for acute hypernatremia?

Answer 28

0.45% NaCl with 2.5% dextrose

Question 29

What is a good measurement of perfusion status while giving fluids?

Answer 29

lactate

Question 30

Where can respiratory distress be localized if breaths are short and shallow?

Answer 30

pleural space

Question 31

Where can respiratory distress be localized if there is prolonged inspiration?

Answer 31

upper airway

Question 32

Where can respiratory distress be localized if there is prolonged expiration?

Answer 32

lower airway