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VM 611 > Opthalmology Midterm > Flashcards

Opthalmology Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main site of resistance to drug penetration in the eye?

A

corneal epithelium

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2
Q

What is the maximum volume of subconjuctival injections into the eye for small and large animals?

A

cat and dog = 0.25 ml

LA = up to 1 ml

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3
Q

Which parts of the eye require systemic administration for treatment?

A

retina, optic nerve, vitreous

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of miotic agents and what are examples of each?

A

parasympathomimetic - pilocarpine
anticholinesterase - demecarium bromide
PGF2a analog - latanoprost, travoprost

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5
Q

Which mydriatic agent is cycloplegic and should not be used in glaucoma patients?

A

atropine

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6
Q

What are the two groups of mydriatic drugs and examples of each?

A

parasympatholytic - atropine, tropicamide

sympathomimetic - epinephrine, phenylephrine, dipivefrin

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7
Q

What is the MOA of atropine in the eye?

A

cycloplegic - paralyzes ciliary musculature to decrease intraocular pain

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8
Q

Which ocular drugs can help differentiate scleral injection?

A

phenylephrine and epinephrine

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9
Q

What is the MOA of adrenergic beta blockers in the eye?

A

reduce aqueous humor

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10
Q

What is the number one antibiotic that causes conjuctival irritation?

A

neomycin

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11
Q

What is the drug of choice for mycoplasma and chlamydia conjuctivis in cats?

A

oral doxycycline

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12
Q

What can doxycycline help with the eye besides being an antibiotic?

A

stabalizes corneal collegenases - helps with corneal ulcer

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13
Q

What drug can cause retinal degeneration in cats?

A

enrofloxacin

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14
Q

What is the only approved topical treatment for fungus in the eye?

A

natamycin

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15
Q

What is the drug of choice for use as a subpalpebral lavage treatment?

A

voriconazole

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16
Q

What 2 antiviral drugs are NOT used in feline herpes treatment?

A

acyclovir and vacyclovir

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17
Q

What drug can be used to treat the rare condition, neurogenic KCS?

A

pilocarpine

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18
Q

What are the 2 drugs of choice to treat KCS?

A

Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus

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19
Q

What muscles open the eyelid and what are their innervation?

A 
levator palpebrae superioris(CN 3)
Mullers muscle (sympathetic)
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20
Q

What muscle closes the eyelid and what innervates it?

A

orbicularis oculi - CN 7

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21
Q

Term for turning in of the eyelid

A

entropion

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22
Q

Term for turning out of the eylid

A

ectropian

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23
Q

Term for distortion of normally positioned lashes so they irritate eye

A

trichiasis

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24
Q

Term for hair emerging from one or more meibomian gland openigns

A

distichiasis

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25
Q

Term for hair growing from meibomian gland through plapebral conjuctiva

A

atypical distichia, ectopic cilia

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26
Q

What is the treatment of choice for distichiasis?

A

cryotherapy

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27
Q

How is ectopic cilia treated?

A

partial thickness excision and/or cryoablation

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28
Q

What dog breeds are predisposed to entropion?

A

shar pei, chow, bulldog, st bernard, golden retreiver

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29
Q

What is the treatment for entropion in puppies less than 5 months of age?

A

temporary eyelid tacking

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30
Q

What breeds are predisposed to ectropion?

A

st bernards, spaniels, hounds

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31
Q

What species have T-shaped third eyelids?

A

ruminants and dogs

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32
Q

Which species has a muscle to the third eyelid?

A

cat (sympathetic innervation to retract)

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33
Q

What kind of neoplasms occur in the third eyelid?

A

lymphosarcoma and adenocarcinoma

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34
Q

What breed gets plasma cell infiltration of the third eyelid?

A

german shepherds

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35
Q

What is the indication for a full thickness eyelid resection in neoplastic eyelid diseases?

A

when lesion involves less than 1/4 to 1/3 of eyelid margin

36
Q

What is the best treatment for canine eyelid neoplasms?

A

cryotherapy

37
Q

Term for absolute enlargement of globe secondary to chronic glaucoma

A

buphthalmos

38
Q

Term for rostral displacement of the globe

A

exophthalmos

39
Q

Term for retraction of the globe into the orbit

A

enophthalmos

40
Q

Resistance to opening the mouth can indicate what eye disease?

A

retrobulbar abscess

41
Q

What are common causes of exopthalmos?

A

abscess, cellulitis, neoplasia

42
Q

What are common causes of enophthalmos?

A

congenital (dolio), phthisis bulbi, microphthalmia

43
Q

What are common causes of strabismus?

A

neoplasia, proptosis, congenital (brachy)

44
Q

What percentage of fibers cross over in the optic chiasm in cats, dogs, horses, sheep, pigs, cows, fish, birds and reptiles?

A

Cats : 65%
Dogs: 75%
Cows, horses, sheep, pigs: 90%
Fish, birds, reptiles: 100%

45
Q

What is the afferent nerve for the PLR reflex?

A

CN 2

46
Q

Which cranial nerve is motor to the superior oblique muscle?

A

CN 4

47
Q

Which CN is motor to lateral rectus and retractor oculi muscles?

A

CN 6 (abducens)

48
Q

What CN supplies adrenergic innervation to the cats third eyelid?

A

CN 6 (abducens)

49
Q

What Cn is motor to orbicularis oculi muscle and gives parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal gland?

A

CN 7

50
Q

What CNs are tested in the palpebral reflex?

A

5, 6, and brainstem

51
Q

What CNs are tested in the corneal reflex?

A

CN 5, 6, and 7

52
Q

What CNs are tested in the dazzle reflex?

A

CN 2 and 7 and visual pathway up to before visual cortex

53
Q

What are Ddx for unilateral miosis?

A

drugs, horners syndrome, uveitis, posterior synechiae, iris hypoplasia

54
Q

What are ddx for bilateral miosis?

A

drugs, uveitis, organophosphate toxicity

55
Q

What are ddx for unilateral mydriasis?

A

drugs, CN 3 lesion, iris atrophy, ciliary ganglion lesion, posterior synechiae, optic neuritis, glaucoma, retina problems

56
Q

What are ddx for bilateral mydriasis?

A

drugs, fear, death, total retinal atrophy, optic nerve atrophy, retinal detachment

57
Q

What are the CS of horners syndrome in all species?

A

miosis, ptosis, elevation of nictating membrane

58
Q

What are the special CS of horners syndrome in cows and horses?

A

horses - unilateral sweating

cow - reduced sweating, pinna heat

59
Q

How can you differentiate between feline herpes conjuctivitis and chlamydia?

A

herpes - can cause keratitis

chlam - more chemosis

60
Q

What are the 3 layers of the tear film and what produces them?

A

lipid - meibomian glands
aqueous - lacrimal gland, third eyelid gland
mucus - goblet cells

61
Q

What is the medical treatment for KCS?

A

cyclosporine A, tacrolimus

62
Q

What is the main cause of KCS?

A

immune mediated, T cell infiltration of lacrimal tissue

63
Q

What is the most common cause of horners syndrome in dogs?

A

lesions of third neuron, postganglionic lesion, idiopathic

64
Q

What is the surgery treatment for KCS?

A

medial canthoplasty (brachy breeds)

65
Q

What layer of the cornea is hydrophobic and lipophilic?

A

epithelium - barrier to drugs and fluorescin

66
Q

What is the cornea stroma made of?

A

75% water, 25% collagen

67
Q

What nerve innervates the cornea?

A

CN V (trigeminal)

68
Q

What is reflex uveitis?

A

any stimulation of corneal nerves = reflex of CN V to anterior uveal tract (happens with keratitis and corneal ulcers - muscle spasms)

69
Q

Term for stromal loss but some healing occured and there is still a hole covered with epithelium.

A

facet

70
Q

What is the rate of growth of corneal blood vessels and epithelial cells in the cornea?

A

1 mm/day

71
Q

What is the rate of WBC migrating in the cornea?

A

8.6 mm/day

72
Q

What part of the cornea is hydrophobic?

A

descemets membrane

73
Q

What is seidel’s test?

A

if fluorescein in diluted in a deep ulcer –> aqueous humor leaking out

74
Q

What is an indolent ulcer?

A

superficial corneal erosion with epithelial “lips” -fluorescin seeps under the lip

75
Q

What is the treatment for of canine indolent ulcers?

A

debridement followed by grid keratotomy or diamond burr debridement

76
Q

When should grid keratotomys not be done?

A

complicated ulcers or cats or horses

77
Q

What is the most common cause of corneal ulcers in cats? Whats the most classic sign?

A

feline herpesvirus 1

dendritic ulcers

78
Q

What is the treatment for feline herpesvirus ulcers?

A

cidofovir (antiviral)

79
Q

What antiviral is fatal to cats?

A

acyclovir

80
Q

What are the different diseases associated with white corneas?

A

corneal dystrophy, degeneration, fibrosis, descemets striae, keratic precipitates

81
Q

What disease is descemet’s striae associated with? What does it look like?

A

glaucoma - membrane breaks leaving linear white scars

82
Q

What white corneal disease is pathognomic for anterior uveitis?

A

keratic precipitates - can become brown over time

83
Q

What is the only blue corneal opacity?

A

edema

84
Q

What part of the cornea is a barrier to edema and an active pump?

A

endothelial layer

85
Q

What are diffuse corneal edemas a result of?

A

endothelial dysfunction - glaucoma, uveitis, immune mediated endothelitis, blue eye (CAV 1)

86
Q

What happens when there is damage to the endothelium of the cornea?

A

does not undergo mitosis - hypertrophies instead

87
Q

What is the treatment for corneal edema?

A

5% saline, 30 mins apart from other meds
thermokeratoplasty - make dots on cornea
keratoleptynnsis - conjuctiva graft

VM 611 (16 decks)

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