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Toxicology (Spring 2017) > Toxic Plants in Small Animals > Flashcards

Toxic Plants in Small Animals Flashcards

1
Q

The Kalmia species are what type of toxins?

A

Grayanotoxins

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2
Q

The Rhododendron species are what type of toxins?

A

Grayanotoxins

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3
Q

What is the range and habitat of the grayanotoxins?

A

South east Appalachia to mid-Atlantic coast

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4
Q

True or False: All parts of the Rhododendron species are toxic.

A

TRUE

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5
Q

What is the MOA of the andromedotoxin of the Rhododendron species?

A

Binds and blocks the inactivation of sodium channels in cell membranes –> prolonged neuronal depolarization and excitation

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6
Q

Is there an antidote for Rhododendron species?

A

No

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7
Q

In which parts of the world are plants of the Araceae family found?

A

Tropics and subtropics

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8
Q

What is the toxic principle of the Araceae family?

A

Insoluble calcium oxalates

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9
Q

Plants of the Araceae family have several proteolytic enzymes that trigger the release of ____ and ____.

A

Kinins and histamines

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10
Q

Araceae plants have contractile cells called ____ containing _____.

A

Araceae plants have contractile cells called IDIOBLASTS containing RAPHIDES (oxalate crystals).

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with consumption of Araceae plants?

A
  1. Irritation and pain on chewing
  2. Headshaking
  3. Hypersalivation
  4. Dyspnea

(Severe cases: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Rarely: arrhythmia, mydriasis, coma, death)

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12
Q

How would you treat poisoning by Araceae plants?

A
  1. Oral calcium to aid in precipitation of soluble oxalates
  2. Antihistamines/anti-inflammatories
  3. Activated charcoal
  4. Mouth rinse
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13
Q

Members of the Euphorbiaceae family contain a variety of phytotoxins, including what 4?

A
  1. Lectins
  2. Glycosides
  3. Alkaloids
  4. Diterpine esters
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14
Q

What is the antidote for Castor beans?

A

None

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15
Q

How would you diagnose a castor bean poisoning?

A
  1. History of exposure
  2. Leukocytosis
  3. Elevated ALT/AST
  4. Detection in gastric contents
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16
Q

What are the 4 Euphorbia species?

A
  1. Poinsettia
  2. Snow on the mountain
  3. Spotted spurge
  4. Leafy spurge
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17
Q

What is the toxic principle of the Euphorbia species?

A

Diterpenoid phorbol esters

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18
Q

Euphorbia species cause direct irritation as they are what kind of compounds?

A

Blistering

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19
Q

What 3 parts of the body do Euphorbia species affect?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous membranes
  3. GIT
20
Q

True or False: Euphorbia species only contain toxin within their seeds.

A

FALSE: Euphorbia species are contain toxin in ALL parts of the plant.

21
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Euphoria species of plants?

A
  1. GI irritation
  2. Blistering
  3. Hypersalivation
  4. Periocular/perioral swelling
  5. Vomiting/diarrhea

Sap may cause contact dermatitis

22
Q

How would you treat a topical exposure to Euphoria plants?

A

Wash with alcohol

23
Q

How would you treat an oral exposure to Euphoria plants?

A

Dilute orally using water or milk

24
Q

What is the toxic principle of the Viscaceae family?

A

Unknown

25
Q

What type of plants do the Viscaceae parasitize?

A

Oak trees

Walnut trees

Other deciduous trees

26
Q

What do plants of the Viscaceae family obtain by parasitizing other plants?

A
  1. Nutrients

2. Water

27
Q

What is the lay term for Phoradendron?

A

Mistletoe

28
Q

What is the toxic principle of the Liliaceae family?

A

Unknown

29
Q

What is the absorption rate of Liliaceae species?

A

Quick (within 3 hours)

30
Q

With Liliaceae poisoning, what would you see on gross pathology?

A
  1. Swollen kidneys
  2. Pulmonary congestion
  3. Hepatic congestion
31
Q

With Liliaceae poisoning, what would you see on microscopic pathology?

A
  1. Diffuse acute renal tubular necrosis, usually in the proximal tubules
  2. Granular and hyaline casts in the collecting ducts
32
Q

What would you see on urinarlysis due to Liliaceae poisoning?

A
  1. Proteinuria
  2. Glucosuria
  3. Isosthenuria
  4. Casts
33
Q

What would you see on bloodwork due to Liliaceae poisoning?

A
  1. Increased BUN
  2. Increased creatinine
  3. Increased K
  4. Increased P
  5. Stress leukogram
34
Q

How would you treat a Liliaceae poisoning?

A
  1. Decontaminate GIT

2. Fluids (prior to anuria)

35
Q

True or False: Grape and raisin susceptibility is only limited to dogs and ferrets.

A

FALSE: Grape and raisin toxicity is only limited to DOGS.

36
Q

What is the MOA of grapes and raisins?

A

Unknown

37
Q

At what dose would raisins and/or grapes cause clinical signs?

A

11 - 30 g/kg

38
Q

At what dose would raisins and/r grapes cause renal damage?

A

32 g/kg

39
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with grapes and raisins?

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Vomiting
  3. Anorexia
  4. Polydipsia
  5. Tremors
  6. Decreased to no urine production
40
Q

What causes death associated with grape and/or raisin toxicity?

A

Renal failure once anuric

41
Q

With grape/raisin toxicity, what would your calcium levels be?

A

High Ca

42
Q

With grape/raisin toxicity, what would your phosphate levels be?

A

High PO4

43
Q

With grape/raisin toxicity, what would your BUN and creatinine levels be?

A

High

44
Q

What types of lesions would you see microscopically with grape/raisin toxicity?

A

Necrosis of proximal convoluted tubule epithelium

45
Q

Which animals are most often affected by stinging nettles?

A

Hunting dogs

46
Q

Stinging nettles express fine stinging hairs containing what 4 compounds?

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Histamine
  3. Serotonin
  4. Formic acid
47
Q

How would you treat a poisoning from stinging nettles?

A

Depends on the signs: atropine (bradycardia), antihistamines (pawing at mouth), supportive care

Toxicology (Spring 2017) (15 decks)

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