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Toxicology (Spring 2017) > Toxic Gases > Flashcards

Toxic Gases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the source of nitrogen dioxide?

A

Fermentation of corn/forages high in nitrate

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2
Q

When do you get the highest concentration of nitrogen dioxide?

A

Within the first 48 hours of ensiling

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3
Q

Is nitrogen dioxide heavier or lighter than air?

A

Heavier

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4
Q

True or False: Nitrogen dioxide causes oxidative stress.

A

True

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5
Q

Nitrogen dioxide causes ____ and ____ irritation.

A

Ocular and upper airway irritation

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6
Q

Nitrogen dioxide causes which of the following: chronic bronchitis, fever, emphysema, corneal damage.

A
  1. Chronic bronchitis
  2. Fever
  3. Emphysema
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7
Q

What type of lung lesions might be associated with a nitrogen dioxide toxicity?

A
  1. Edema
  2. Hemorrhage
  3. Emphysema
  4. Bronchiolar inflammation
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8
Q

What is methane’s MOA?

A

Asphyxiation (displacement of oxygen)

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9
Q

Is methane lighter or heavier than air?

A

Lighter

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10
Q

Which of the following has a pungent odor, methane or nitrogen dioxide?

A

Nitrogen dioxide (methane is odorless)

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11
Q

Methane is explosive at ___% in the atmosphere.

A

5%

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12
Q

Methane is what % of natural gas?

A

85%

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13
Q

Which of the following is odorless, ammonia or CO2?

A

CO2

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14
Q

Is CO2 heavier or lighter than air?

A

Heavier

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15
Q

At what percentage does CO2 induce a coma?

A

25%

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16
Q

Is ammonia heavier or lighter than air?

A

Lighter

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17
Q

What are 3 sources of ammonia?

A
  1. Fertilizers
  2. Manure
  3. Chicken houses
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18
Q

At what ppm is ammonia a chronic stressor?

A

> 50 ppm

19
Q

Ammonia causes ____ and ____ irritation.

A

Eye and respiratory

20
Q

Ammonia causes corneal damage at ____ ppm.

A

100 ppm

21
Q

NH3 causes corneal injury in poultry at ___ ppm.

A

60-75 ppm

22
Q

NH3 causes increased respiratory disease at ____ ppm.

A

50 ppm

23
Q

NH3 causes decreased egg production at ____ ppm.

A

20 ppm

24
Q

Is hydrogen sulfide heavier or lighter than air?

A

Heavier (collects in low places)

25
Q

At what ppm does H2S cause olfactory paralysis?

A

200 ppm

26
Q

At what ppm does H2S causes pulmonary edema?

A

> 500 ppm

27
Q

At what ppm does H2S cause respiratory paralysis?

A

> 1000 ppm

28
Q

At what ppm does H2S quickly cause death after a few violent gasps?

A

> 3000 ppm

29
Q

H2S is a direct irritant of ____ and ____.

A

Eyes and lungs

30
Q

What type of general metabolic effect does H2S have?

A

Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase

31
Q

What type of lesions would you associated with HS2?

A
  1. Pulmonary edema
  2. Dark blood
  3. Tissues that smell of H2S
32
Q

What 4 drugs are experimentally possible H2S antidotes?

A
  1. Nitrites
  2. Thiamine
  3. Cobinamide
  4. Hydroxycobolamine
33
Q

Is carbon monoxide heavier or lighter than air?

A

Lighter than air

34
Q

Why is carbon monoxide called the “silent killer”?

A
  1. Colorless

2. Odorless

35
Q

What is the source of toxicity if an automobile engine is left running in a closed garage?

A

Carbon monoxide

36
Q

What type of poisoning should be suspected in any animal rescued from a fire?

A

Carbon monoxide

37
Q

What is the MOA of carbon monoxide?

A

CO is absorbed into the lungs –> CO combines with hemoglobin –> formation of COHb –> anoxia

38
Q

Hemoglobin has an affinity for CO that is ____ times that of its affinity for O2.

A

300

39
Q

What causes cherry-red skin and mucous membranes?

A

Carbon monoxide poisoning

40
Q

Explain how you could diagnose a carbon monoxide poisoning.

A
  1. Measure carboxyhemoglobin levels
  2. Measure carboxyhemoglogin in fetal serosanguinous thoracic fluid
  3. Measure CO in the environment
41
Q

What causes necrosis of superficial layers such as the dermis of the muzzle and the epithelium of the trachea?

A

Anhydrous ammonia

42
Q

What are 4 sources of hyperthermia?

A
  1. Metabolic activity (large animals)
  2. Manure pits
  3. Poor ventilation
  4. Thermal input
43
Q

Which species is most susceptible to PTFE (polytetrafuoroethylene)?

A

Pet birds

44
Q

How would you prevent PTFE? (list 3 ways)

A
  1. Don’t use non-stick cookware
  2. Remove birds from the house
  3. Ventilate well

Toxicology (Spring 2017) (15 decks)

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