Common Toxicants in Wildlife Flashcards
Do organochlorinated insecticides have a low or high acute toxicity?
Low
Where in the body do organochlorinated compounds accumulate?
Fatty tissue
Organochlorinated compound accumulate in fatty tissue as what?
DDE
Which compound’s effect include eggshell thining?
DDT
What type of insecticide is methomyl?
Carbamate
What type of insecticide is aldicarb?
Carbamate
Where would you find aldicarb on a bird necropsy?
Proventriculus
How do you treat an organophosphate or carbamate toxicosis?
Atropine (50 mg/lkg)
Which requires repeated exposures to cause toxicity, first or second generation rodenticides?
First
True or False: First generation rodenticides accumulate in the liver.
FALSE: First generation rodenticides do NOT accumulate in the liver.
What level of toxicity is caused by first generation rodenticides?
Intermediate
What level of toxicity is caused by second generation rodenticides?
High
Which requires a single exposure to cause toxicosis, first or second generation rodenticides?
Second
What are 2 examples of second generation rodenticides?
- Brodifacoum
2. Bromadiolone
True or False: Second generation rodenticides accumulate in the liver.
TRUE
True or False: Second generation rodenticides can cause a secondary toxicosis.
TRUE
What is the “new DDT” in wildlife?
Brodifacoum
What is the best sample for 2nd generation rodenticide poisoning?
Liver
Lead is what kind of toxicant in birds?
Neurotoxicant
True or False: Lead kills millions of birds every year.
TRUE
What is the half life of lead pellets?
200-300 years
Which can bioaccumulate, lead or selenium?
Selenium
What are the clinical effects of selenium toxicity?
- Embryotoxicity (mortality, teratogenesis, lack of development)
- Reduced growth
- Mortality
- Abnormal feather loss
What would you see on histopathology associated with a selenium toxicity?
Liver lesions
Which of the following bioaccumulates, selenium or mercury?
Selenium AND mercury
What type of toxicant is mercury?
Neurotoxin
True or False: Selenium is an immunosuppressive.
FALSE
True or False: Mercury is an immunosuppressive.
TRUE
True or False: Selenium is embryotoxic.
TRUE
True or False: Mercury is embryotoxic.
TRUE
True or False: Low levels of mercury are found in stranded marine mammals.
FALSE: high concentrations of mercury are found in stranded marine animals.
What does PCB stand for?
Polychlorinated biphenyls
What type of compound are PCBs?
Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons
Are PCBs liphphilic or lipophopic?
Lipophilic
PCBs are _____, _____, and ______.
- Persistent
- Biocumulative
- Biomagnified
PCBs cause depressed ______, decreased ______, and deleterious effects on ______ behavior.
PCBs cause depressed reproduction, decreased blood thyroxine, and deleterious effects on nesting behavior.
What does PBDEs stand for?
Polybrominated diphenyl esters
PBDEs in birds deleteriously affect _____ and are ______.
PBDEs in birds deleteriously affect REPRODUCTION and are IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE.
There were toxicoses in what species wintering in southern states of the U.S. after ingesting peanuts containing aflatoxin?
Sandhill crane
What is avian vacuolar myelopathy associated with?
Toxigenic cyanobacterium that grows on the exotic invasive Hydrilla
Where is avian vacuolar myelopathy seen in the U.S.?
- Carolinas
- Florida
(South east)
Which avian species are affected by avian vacuolar myelopathy?
- Coots
- Waterfowl
- Bald eagles
How are bald eagles poisoned with toxigenic cyanobacterium from Hydrilla?
By eating coots and other waterfowl
What is Diclofenac?
NASID
What is Diclofenac’s target enzyme?
COX-2
Which avian species is particularly sensitive to Diclofenac?
Vultures
What is the result of Diclofenac’s effect on the body?
Acute renal failure
