Risk Analysis in Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

For risk to be present, there must be two things. What are they?

A
  1. Exposure

2. A consequence arising out of exposure (adverse effect)

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2
Q

Risk assessment adheres to a 4-step process. What are those 4 steps?

A
  1. Problem formulation
  2. Effects characterization
  3. Exposure characterization
  4. Risk characterization
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3
Q

If you were given exposure and effect, how would you calculate risk?

A

Effect / exposure

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4
Q

True or False: Dose = exposure.

A

TRUE

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5
Q

True or False: Toxicity = risk.

A

FALSE: toxicity = effect

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6
Q

What does this define: the likelihood of harm to be manifested under relevant conditions of exposure?

A

Risk

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7
Q

What does this define: systematic scientific evaluation of potential adverse effects from exposures to hazardous agents or situations?

A

Risk assessment

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8
Q

What does this define: intrinsic toxic properties?

A

Hazard

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9
Q

What does this define: process by which policy actions are chosen to address and mitigate risk?

A

Risk management

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10
Q

What does this define: making risk assessment outcomes and risk management decisions comprehensible to interested and affected parties?

A

Risk communication

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11
Q

What does this define: the interrelated activities of risk assessment, management, communication, and perception?

A

Risk analysis

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12
Q

What is risk in relation to exposure and effect?

A

Risk is the joint probability of exposure and effect = f(exposure, effect)

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13
Q

Which part of the risk assessment process is the toxicology and biology?

A

Effects characterization

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14
Q

Which part of the risk assessment process involves source, route, duration, and intensity?

A

Exposure characterization

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15
Q

Which part of the risk assessment process is the confluence of exposure and effect?

A

Risk characterization

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16
Q

Which part of the risk assessment process are the likelihoods, uncertainties, and mitigation options?

A

Risk conclusion

17
Q

Which part of the risk assessment process are the physical, chemical, or biological entities that can induce an adverse response?

18
Q

What is the hierarchy of the weight of evidence with risk assessment?

A
  1. Qualitative & quantitative
  2. Deterministic & probabilistic
  3. Partially stochastic & fully stochastic
19
Q

What are the Bradford Hill Criteria for the weight of evidence?

A
  1. Strength of association
  2. Consistency of findings
  3. Biological gradient
  4. Temporal sequence
  5. Plausibility
  6. Coherence with existing knowledge
  7. Specificity of cause-effect association
20
Q

Measure the effect of a source stressor (toxicant). Is this a form or prospective or retrospective risk assessment?

A

Prospective

21
Q

Observe the consequence of exposure. Is this a form of prospective or retrospective risk assessment?

A

Retrospective

22
Q

Which generally uses toxicological principles, prospective or retrospective risk assessment?

A

Prospective

23
Q

What type of principles does retrospective risk assessment use?

A

Epidemiological principles

24
Q

Which is a forward prediction, prospective or retrospective risk assessment?

A

Prospective

25
Which is a backward prediction, prospective or retrospective risk assessment?
Retrospective
26
What does EED stand for?
Estimated environmental dose
27
What is percent reference dose (%RfD) equal to?
100 x Rfd/EED
28
If EED is greater than RfD, what does that indicate?
A regulatory concern
29
What does MOE stand for?
Margin of exposure
30
What is the equation for MOE?
MOE = NOAEL / EED
31
If MOE is greater than the safety factors (UF and MF), what does that indicate?
There is a health/performance concern
32
Drug residues are analyzed, regulated, and monitored by _____, _____, _____, and ____.
1. FDA-CFSAN/CVM 2. USDA-FSIS 3. State milk ordinances 4. JEFCA
33
Regulatory toxicology is a confluence of ____ and ____.
Science and government