Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Toxicology (Spring 2017) > Ethylene Glycol and Methylxanthines > Flashcards

Ethylene Glycol and Methylxanthines Flashcards

1
Q

When are the most toxicities associated with ethylene glycol seen?

A

When in highest use (fall and winter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the death rate associated with ethylene glycol?

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True or False: Malicious poisoning associated with ethylene glycol is increasing.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or False: Ethylene glycol has a bitter taste.

A

FALSE: sweet taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ethylene glycol is absorbed intact, and then when would you see peak blood levels reached?

A

1 - 4 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ethylene glycol is associated with a mild CNS depression or excitation?

A

CNS depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ethylene glycol is rapidly metabolized by the liver enzyme ____ ____.

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Metabolism of ethylene glycol to toxic organic acids by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver causes what?

A

An acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

10% of ethylene glycol is excreted unchanged in the urine. The remainder is metabolized to what?

A

Oxalic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Oxalic acid kelates calcium to form what?

A

Calcium oxalate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Current therapeutic response is to prevent metabolism of the ethylene glycol to ______.

A

Oxalic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In addition to 10% of the ethylene glycol, what other substance is excreted in the urine?

A

Hippuric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

With ethylene glycol toxicity, was is expired?

A

CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the half life of ethylene glycol?

A

3 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How long is the acute stage of ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

30 minutes - 12 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What 4 clinical signs are associated with the acute stage of ethylene glycol toxicity?

A
  1. PU/PD
  2. Ataxia
  3. Vomiting
  4. Depression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How long is the 2nd stage (renal stage) of ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

12 - 72 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of clinical effects are associated with the 2nd stage of ethylene glycol toxicity?

A
  1. Vomiting
  2. Acidosis
  3. Isosthenuria
  4. Miosis
  5. Coma
  6. Seizures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the clinical pathology change associated with ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

Hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the 3rd stage of ethylene glycol toxicity associated with?

A

Oliguric renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What would you see on a CBC with ethylene glycol toxicity?

A
  1. Increased PCV
  2. Increased serum protein
  3. Stress leukogram
22
Q

How does ethylene glycol make an animal want to drink more?

A

Increases the osmolarity of the blood, is passed in the urine, causes diuresis, and results in PU/PD

23
Q

With ethylene glycol toxicity, what is seen on the stress leukogram?

A
  1. Neutrophilia

2. Lymphopenia

24
Q

Which 3 systems does ethylene glycol target?

A
  1. CNS
  2. GI
  3. Kidney
25
Q

What would you see on serum chemistry with ethylene glycol toxicity?

A
  1. Hypocalcemia
  2. Hyperglycemia
  3. Hyperkalemia
  4. Increased BUN
  5. Increased creatinine
  6. Increased phosphorus
26
Q

What would you see on urinalysis with ethylene glycol toxicity?

A
  1. Low USG

2. Urine pH < 6.5

27
Q

What type of crystalluira is associated with ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

Calcium oxalate crystalluria

28
Q

How might one diagnose an ethylene glycol toxicity?

A
  1. Calcium oxalate nephrosis
  2. Detection of EG in serum (test kit)
  3. GC/MS (analysis of serum or urine)
29
Q

True or False: The Ethylene Glycol Test Kits are specific for ethylene glycol.

A

FALSE: The test kits cross react with other compounds (propylene glycol, glycerol) that may cause a false positive.

30
Q

How might one treat an ethylene glycol toxicity?

A
  1. Reduce absorption: emetics, AC, cathartics
  2. Increase excretion: IV fluids
  3. Combat acidosis: Na bicarb
  4. 4-MP, ethanol
  5. Hemodialysis
31
Q

How much time post exposure could you utilize emetics, AC, or cathartics with EG?

A

1 - 2 hours

32
Q

How much time post exposure could you utilize 4-MP or ethanol to treat EG toxicity?

33
Q

What does 4-MP stand for?

A

4-methyl pyrazole

34
Q

Which is the preferred antidote for EG, 4-MP or ethanol?

35
Q

How long does 4-MP need to be administered?

A

At least 50 hours

36
Q

What are the 3 methylxanthine alkaloids?

A
  1. Caffeine
  2. Theobromine
  3. Theophylline
37
Q

What is the MOA of the methylxanthines?

A

Competitive antagonism of adenosine on adenosine receptors

38
Q

What are the 4 effects of antagonizing adenosine on adenosine receptors?

A
  1. Bronchodilation
  2. Vasoconstriction
  3. CNS stimulation
  4. Tachycardia
39
Q

Methylxanthines also increase what intracellularly?

40
Q

Methylxanthines stimulate the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

41
Q

How do methylxanthines lead to the release of catecholamines?

A

Inhibit phosphodiesterase –> increase cAMP

42
Q

What would be the clinical effects associated with methylxanthine alkaloids?

A
  1. Tachycardia
  2. Vomiting/diarrhea
  3. Polyuria
  4. Hyperactivity/agitation/seizures
43
Q

Are the methylxanthine alkaloids diuretics or anti-diuretics?

44
Q

What is the most common methylxanthine intoxication, caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline?

A

Theobromine

45
Q

What are 2 sources of theobromine?

A
  1. Chocolate

2. Cocoa mulch

46
Q

Chocolate products often contain ___ - ___ mg caffeine / oz.

A

2 - 40 mg / oz

47
Q

Which of the chocolate products has the most theobromine content?

A

Baking chocolate

48
Q

Which of the chocolate products contains the least amount of theobromine?

A

White chocolate

49
Q

Dogs excrete what compound extremely slowly?

A

Theobromine

50
Q

What is the half life of theobromine in the dog?

51
Q

Which samples could you use to detect a methylxanthine intoxication?

A
  1. Urine
  2. Serum
  3. Stomach contents
  4. Liver
52
Q

How would one treat a methylxanthine alkaloid intoxication?

A
  1. Artificial respiration
  2. Emetics, lavage, AC
  3. Control seizures
  4. Lidocaine for VPCs
  5. Fluids

Toxicology (Spring 2017) (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions