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Toxicology (Spring 2017) > Module 1, Lecture 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Module 1, Lecture 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a toxin?

A

A poison that originates from biological processes.

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2
Q

What is an example of a toxin?

A
  1. Mycotoxin
  2. Biotoxin
  3. Algae (phycotoxins)
  4. Plants (phytotoxins)
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3
Q

What is a poison?

A

Any solid, liquid, or gas that when introduced into a biological system interferes with the life processes of the cells of that organism.

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4
Q

What is a toxicant?

A

Less harsh version of a poison (feed additive, drug, etc.)

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5
Q

What is toxicosis?

A

The disease state of being poisoned

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6
Q

What is toxicity?

A

The quantity or amount of a toxicant that under a certain set of conditions will cause adverse effects.

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7
Q

How is toxicity often expressed?

A

mg toxicant / kg body weight

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8
Q

What is the LD50?

A

Lethal dose 50 : the dose that will KILL 50% of the population.

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9
Q

What is the ED50?

A

Effective dose 50 : the dose required to produce a specific effect in 50% of the population.

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10
Q

What is the NOEL?

A

No-observed-effect-level : An exposure level at which there are no statistically or biologically significant increases in the frequency or severity of any effect between the exposed population and its appropriate control.

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11
Q

What is the NOAEL?

A

No-observed-adverse-effect-level : highest dose that has been reported to have NO harmful (adverse) effects.

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12
Q

What is the HNTD?

A

Highest non-toxic dose

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13
Q

What is the MLD?

A

Minimum lethal dose

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14
Q

Which factor determines the response to a toxin?

A

Dosage (determines the concentration at the target site)

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15
Q

What is an acute response?

A

< 7 days

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16
Q

What is a subacute response?

A

< 30 days

17
Q

What is a subchronic response?

A

< 90 days

18
Q

What is a chronic response?

A

> / = 90 days

19
Q

Mean +/- 1 standard deviation = ____% of the population.

A

68.3%

20
Q

Mean +/- 2 standard deviations = ____% of the population.

A

95.5%

21
Q

Mean +/- 3 standard deviations = ____% of the population.

A

99.7%

22
Q

What is the equation for the therapeutic index?

A

LD50 / ED50

23
Q

What is the equation for the standard safety margin?

A

LD50 / ED99

24
Q

What is the equation for the chronicity factor?

A

Acute LD50 / 90-day LD50

25
Q

What is the equation for risk ratio?

A

Use level / toxic level

Toxicology (Spring 2017) (15 decks)

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