Tourism 3 Flashcards
characteristics of natural heritage
- natural features, geographical formations + natural beauty
or - habitat of threatened species
how to guarantee tourism sustainability
- balance 3 sustainabilities
- don’t overfocus on one
how can tourism development ensure economic sustainability
- continuously providing employment opportunties
- increase no. of social services
MAIN STAKEHOLDER: GOVT
how to continual provision of employment opportunities in tourism?
skills training
- ensure career progression, income growth
- provide seasonally employed local with greater variety of skills
when seasonally employed have more skills, when they aren’t doing their tourism job (i.e. ski resort on summer) they can do other jobs for a living
how to increase provision of social services -> raise standard of living for locals?
- tourism revenue -> build schools, clinics
- education lets locals seek better employment + income
MAIN STAKEHOLDER: GOVT
essentially try to build stuff to meet needs of locals and allow them to seek better employment themselves
guidelines, have social sustainable tourism development
- respect authencity of locals, cultural practices, art forms
- intercultural understanding, tolerance
why must respect authenticity of local comm., practices, art forms?
- practices, art forms remain meaningful, significant
- disrespect = strife, conflict
LINK
strife btween locals n tourists -> increased crime rates, increased antitourism sentiments
practices, art forms will only be signifcant if authenticity respected. If not, commodification can happen, exploitation can happen where locals forced to cater to tourists’ needs for income
social sust. dev tourism destination
how to respect authencity of local comm., practices, art forms?
- sensitively develop visitor attractions
- tour guides advise tourists to respectfully interact w/ locals
MAIN STAKEHOLDER: Govt, tour agencies, tourists
social sust. dev. tourism
y contribute, intercultural understanding, tolerance?
- local cultures stay meaningful, preserved
- better appreciate each other culture
- attract more tourist that follow this norm
This is different from respecting authencity of local comm, practices, art forms
how to tourism development env. sus
- maintain essential ecological process
- conserve natural heritage, protect biodiversity
LINK
- natural features, geographical formations + natural beauty
or
- habitat of threatened species
why must maintain essential ecological processes?
- ecological processes provide ecosystem services (i.e. air quality regulation)
- meet present, future demands of people
what are ecological processes
- biological, physical, chemical processes that sustain ecological systems
how to maintain essential ecological processes in tourism
- stakeholders destination region minimise deforestation
- maintain ecological processes, ecosytem services
MAIN STAKEHOLDER: ALL
how to conserve natural heritage, biodiversity? (SIMILAR 2 Ecotourism)
establish protected areas (national parks)
- protect from illegal poaching
- manage tourist numbers, waste
- conserve natural beauty
what is greenwashing
phenomena where
- company make ppl believe they do more for environment than they actually do
what is carbon-neutral?
- where greenhouse gas emissions of 1 stakeholder reduced/avoided
- remaining co2 compensate with carbon credits
carbon credits (NOT IN TB NO NEED MEMO):
- basically a fee to pay off to use certain amount of carbon dioxide
- fees used to offset co2 with trees e.g.
how do stakeholders influence sustainable tourism development?
- stakeholders work tgt
- have a say
- reach common consensus
- common understanding, sustainable tourism development
govt. play their part, sustainable tourism development?
- establish policies, create plans
- enforce regulations
local
how does govt. establish policies and create plans for sustainable tourism development?
- set up policies where all other stakeholders must follow
- ensure minimum damage maximum benefits to locals
LINK
- stakeholders need to work tgt, have a say, reach a common consensus
- have common understanding of what sustainable tourism development is
can use these 2 points above as well. This applies to all stakeholders.
E.g.: Govt needs to consult locals before implementing their policies (giving locals a say)
how, why does government enforce regulations for sust tourism dev?
- enforce regulation on types of tourism activity
- ensure policies, plans followed
LINK TO SS
SS: Legislation passes out the law, Executive enforce regulation to make sure ppl follow law.
Geog: Govt. set up policies, govt. enforce regulation to make sure ppl follow policies.
How is the effectiveness of government limited (sust tourism dev)?
poor enforcement
lack cooperation, other stakeholders
Tourism
3 reasons why govt. may potentially poor enforcement?
- govt lack rescources
- govt corrupted, political influences
- govt prioritise econ. development
they never enforce regulation properly
why does putting economic development first hinder sustainable development?
- social, env sustainability neglected
what are IGOs?
govermental organisations
opposite of NGOs that are non govt. organisations
how do IGOs and NGOs influence sustainable tourism development?
help countries, achieve w/ knowledge finance expertise
- financial assistance
- raise public awareness on -> sustainable tourism development -> more contribute
international organisations: IGOs/NGOs
how does internal organisations help locals w/ achieve sustainable tourism development
- skills taught (i.e. handicraft)
- villagers, how 2 market destination region
how does internal organisations help countries w/ financial assistance
- financial aid, small facilities development (i.e. toilet)
how is effectiveness of international organisations reduced?
- lack of understanding, local contexts
- lack, funding
why does international organisations have lack of understanding of local contexts? what are the consequences?
- ppl from international organisations, come from diff. places
- diff. perspective from locals
- disagreements due to diff. perspective
why does international organisations have lack of funding? what are the consequences?
- many nonprofit
- plans hindered
why will businesses want to sustainably develop tourist areas?
- sustainable tourism = profitable
- e.g. keep env. clean = most tourist
how can businesses influence sustainable tourism development?
- seek advice, other stakeholders
- participate, decision making
what are the limitations of sustainable tourism development for businesses?
- survive, compromise sustainable practices
- different understanding sustainability
why, how businesses compromise on sustainable practices?
- businesses priority: profit > sustainability
lead to - rescources exploit
- pollution
what are the consequences of businesses having different understanding, ways of measuring sustainability?
- greenwashing
- even if they nvr practice sustainability
same as business
how can locals help with sustainable tourism?
- seek advice, other stakeholders
- participate in decision making
what does locals participating in decision making cause?
- locals suggests ways, minimise harm, nature
- e.g. CBT
why and how does locals seek advice, other stakeholders
why
- locals, no knowledge, expertise seek advice, govt, IGOs, NGOs
how
- adapt tried, tested methods
- protect env.
limitations of locals practicing sustainable tourism
- lack financial, technical assistance
- prioritise economic benefits
why does locals lack financial, technical assistance
- no info, how2get finances, technical assistance
why locals decide economic dev > sustainability
higher income, support families > sustainability
LINK
no info on how to get finances, technical assistance
because of this they lack finances and stuff so they will prioritise it
how can tourists practice sustainable tourism?
- genuine interest, tourist destination + culture
- interact responsibly w/ environment, ppl
how can tourists genuine interest, tourist destination + culture
- choose tours, prioritise sustainable tourism
- involve in env. conservation
how does tourists interact responsbly w/ environment, ppl
- read up on local practices, cultures, show respect to customs
partake in env conservation also accept.
limitations of tourists trying to practice sustainable tourism
- some options out of budget
- lack of clear info
what is the consequence for tourists when there is a lack of clear info about sustainable tourism
Consequence
- confusion on whether business is truly sustainable
LINK
businesses having different understanding, ways of measuring sustainability
other challenges faced by all stakeholders in sustainable tourism development
- understanding sustainability varies based on place -> conflict, ideas
- varying degrees, powers, influence -> more “say” over final decision, override other stakeholder’s opinion
- diffferent priorities
- economic, social, env. tradeoffs needed
define micro-finance
banking service provided -> unemployed, low-income individuals/no access to financial services
3 characteristics of ecotourism
- form, sustainable tourism
- often take place in scenic natural areas
- allows tourists experience nature
what is ecotourism’s main aim
- conserve natural env., benefit local community
to achieve 3 sustainability
strategies to achieve aims of ecotourism
- educate, increase tourists’ appreciation
- put in place measures, minimise negative impacts on env.
CBT ONLY HAS EDUCATE, INCREASE APPRECIATION -> LOCAL COMM.
how does e___, i___ t__ a___ accomplish aims of ecotourism?
educate, increase tourists’ appreciation
- tours take place -> natural areas
- experience, interact 1st hand
- encourage -> take action, conserve
same as eco (2)
how does m___, r__ n__ i__ o__ e__ achieve aims of ecotourism?
rev nue
measures, reduce neg. impacts -> env.
- tourism revenue -> conservation (e.g. hire park rangers)
- laws -> minimise no of ppl, waste
differences between hard ecotourism and soft ecotourism
- commitment to env. conservation
- number of tourists
- services provided
- level of physical comfort
- suppliers
hard vs soft ecotourism commitment to environmental conservation
hard
- stronger
soft
- moderate
hard vs soft ecotourism number of services provided and comfort level
hard
- few/no services
- more physically challenging
soft
- services provided
- more comfortable
who supplies soft ecotourism? who supplies hard ecotourism?
soft
mass market tour operators
hard
specialist tour operators/tourists themselves
limitations of ecotourism
- works poorly, influx of popularity
- uncertain, local communities’ involvement
- may not benefit local comm. as much as thought
continuity of efforts
- tourists interacting w/ env -> destroy env, sought to protect
- earn profits = compromise
limitations of ecotours
w__ p__, i__ o__ p__
works poorly, influx of popularity
- uncertain, continuity of efforts (conserve nature)
- many tourists, interact w/ env -> destroy env. sought to protect
- earn profits = compromise
why may ecotourism not benefit locals that much after all?
- esp. if locals no skills, knowledge
- esp. if authority no measures -> train locals
- lots manpower -> meet high demands, needs, tourists -> foreign manpower
- minimum benefits, local comm.
foreigners take away jobs -> resentment (from SS)
What is CBT?
community-based tourism
- small-scale, local comm. manage
- maximise local comm. involvement + benefits
- homestays, agricultural tourism
aims
- sustainablilty
- maximise local comm. involvement + benefits
some strategies used to achieve aims of CBT
- encourage participate -> decision-making, tourism development (local comm.)
- measures -> increase economic, social benefits (local comm.)
- educate, increase tourists’ appreciation -> env
pt 2: Measures
how does e___ p___ -> d___-m___, t___ d___ (l__ c__) achieve aims of CBT
encourage participate -> decision-making, tourism development (local comm.)
- local comm. more knowledge -> soc env eco needs
- decisions made tgt w/ locals -> need met sustainable way
- support, involvement -> tourism industry
- env. protected, attract tourists
always link back to sust. n CBT aims
aims of CBT
- sustainable
- maximise local comm. involvement
how does p__ i__ p___ m__, i__ e___, s___ b__ (l__ c__) achieve aims of CBT
put in place measures, increase economic, social benefits (local comm.)
Economic:
encourage:
- local businesses, cater need, tourist ->
- provide employment, less economic leakage
example
- local farmers agriculture tourism
- tourist participate, activities (harvest crops, buy local produce)
- gain income
Social:
- tourist revenue build more social svcs ->
- social well being
always link back to sust. n CBT aims
aims of CBT
- sustainable
- maximise local comm. involvement
Farm Tomita, Hokkaido
- many merch shops, local farmers farming in public (cater to tourists needs)
- local ppl employed as shopkeeper (employment)
- sell lavender that they grow (local produce)
- tour arnd farm req. $$ (activities)
- govt. may use all the funds -> (build more sch, hosp -> social well being)
how does e__, i___ t__’s a___, l___ c___ -> CBT
educate, increase tourists’ appreciation, local cultures
- promote interactions, tourists <-> locals
- promote respect -> local culture, protect env.
Limitations of CBT
- loss, culture
- competition w/ large-scale tourism development
how does l__, c___ happen? why is it a limitation of CBT?
loss, culture
- insufficient measures + experiences offered not in line w/ local’s culture (i.e. add comfortable beds -> local yurts) commodification, culture
- lose authenticity
always link back to sust.
why is c_ w_ l_ -s_ t_ d_ limitation of CBT?
competition w/ large-scale tourism development
large-scale tourism industries have none of these problems:
1. difficulty comm. w/ tourist
2. lack finances, expertise → large-scale promotion, advertising
3. lack skills → develop in tourism industry
what is PPT sustainable tourism
pro-poor tourism
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well-being (poor) -> training, microfinance
aims
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
strategies
increase access -> microfinance
strategies of PPT
- training
- increase access -> microfinance
aims
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
strategies
training
increase access -> microfinance
how does t___ help aims of pro-poor tourism?
- locals, learn new skillz -> employment (tourism industry)
aims
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
strategies
training
increase access -> microfinance
how does i__ a__ -> m___ help aims of pro-poor tourism?
- poor -> finances, startup businesses -> tourism industry
- communication materials -> locals understand how apply microfinance
aims
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
strategies
training
increase access -> microfinance
can CBT and ecotourism be classified under PPT as well?
yes
- as long as focus -> benefit poor
i.e. ecotourism proj. -> give majority benefit -> poor
aims
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
strategies
training
increase access -> microfinance
limitation of PPT
- direct investment -> social services reduce poverty better
- uneven distribtution -> econ. benefits
aims
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
how does d__ i__ -> s__ s__ r__ p__ b__ hinder aims of PPT
direct investment -> social services reduce poverty better
- lack of self-confidence -> undergo training -> dont know, use microfinances
- better invest social services -> directly provide benefits (e.g. healthcare)
aims
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
strategies
training
increase access -> microfinance
why is there u_ d_ -> e_ b_? how does it hinder PPT?
non-poor locals
- authority, banks see as more reliable -> give more micro-finance
- dominate training, employment (more finance, skillz)
- poor livelihoods not improve, margin <-> non-poor, poor increases
aims
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
microfinance
banking service provided -> unemployed, low-income individuals/no access to financial services
strategies
training
increase access -> microfinance
define tourism production
natural, cultural, manmade rescoures used for dest. region tourism
natural -> env.
cultural -> social
manmade -> econ. (factories)
covers all 3 aspect of sust.
define tourism consumption
use, tourism products -> tourists
tourism products
ANYTHING -> for tourism
guidelines for sustainable tourism (general)
in general
- sustainable tourist production,
- consumption
- equal, fair distribution -> benefits
when is sustainable tourist production achieve?
- demand < supply for rescources (ecosystem services)
- stakeholders -> long-term, coordinated approach, (give up prioritising profit)
3 criteria for sustainable tourism
- sustainable tourist production,
- consumption
- equal, fair distribution -> benefits
how does d_ < s_ f_ r_ (e_ s_) lead to sustainable tourism p___
demand < supply for rescources (ecosystem services) -> sustainable tourism production
- never deplete ecosystem services rescources -> rescource (tourist industry/local living)
always link to rescources for production
how can all stakeholders -> sustainable tourism p__
s_ l-t, c a, g u p p
1. stakeholders long-term, coordinated approach
2. give up prioritising profit
- plans carbon-neutral
- plans ensure ecosystem svcs optimal, demand < supply
always link to rescources for production
how to achieve sustainable tourism consumption?
- destination regions limit no. of tourists
- tourist practice, support sustainablity
- policies never compromise + include local comm.
tourism products
ANYTHING -> for tourism
3 aims, achieve sustainable tourism
- sustainable tourist production,
- consumption
- equal, fair distribution -> benefits
how does d_ r__ l__ n__ o__ t__ -> sustainable tourism c___
destination regions limit no. of tourists -> sustainable tourism consumption
- carrying cap. of destination region not exceed -> less env. DMG
LINK
Butler’s Model of Tourism
when carrying cap. exceeds, stagnation -> decline -> not econ. sust.
how does t__ p_, s__ s_ -> sustainable tourism c__
tourist practice, support sustainability -> sustainable tourism consumption
- support sustainable dest. regions, accomodations, tour services w/ low co2 footprint, local comm. involvement
- practice sustainablilty (energy, water, purchase local produce)
how does p__ n__ c_ + i__ l__ c__ lead to sustainable tourism c__
policies never compromise + include local comm. -> sustainable tourism consumption
local comm…
not compromised (rules, regulation)
- cultural preservation
included planning, implementing policies
- meet needs, local comm.
- still meet need -> tourist
how to achieve equal, fair distribution of benefits?
- effective tourism managment
- minimise compromise, between 3 sustainabilities, aim win-win
3 criteria for sust. tourism development
- sustainable tourist production,
- consumption
- equal, fair distribution, benefits
how does e__ t__ m__ ensure e__, f__ d__, b__
effective tourism managment -> equal, fair distribution, benefits
- prevent unequal, unfair distribution -> tension, less support btwn stakeholders
equal, fair distribution, benefits
- effective tourism managment
- minimise compromise, between 3 sustainabilities, aim win-win
how does m__ c__, b__ 3 s__, a__ w__-w__, e__ f__ d__ b__ ensure e__ d__ b_?
minimise compromise, between 3 sustainabilities, aim win-win, ensure equal distribution benefits
- prevent worsening of difficult negotiations
i.e. difficult negotiation between hotel owner and local
Hotel owner wants econ. sustainability, local wants social sustainability
If we can do both sustainability 2 sume extent, then itll be better
