Tourism 1 Flashcards
Logic Memorisation - Examples Included
What are tourists classified into?
(in terms of their travelling destination)
Domestic: travel within own country
International: outside own country
Domestic Travel = MRT rando travelling
International Travel = Travelling overseas like the 黄山
Who comes from Tourist Generating Region?
Tourist Generating Region: tourists come from, tour operators operate
Tourism system consists of one route that links the two regions, which are?
Transit Routes
Why are tourists attracted to Destination Regions?
Attractions Facilities Ammenities
Cater, needs, tourists
What may it include? (For the tourists’ c______, or a___ e____)
What is a transit route?
convenience, stopovers, attraction
route, tourist generating → dest region
THINK ABOUT IT
Because these attractions exist, thats why there are more stations for people to access the attractions conviniently
What are the 3 components of tourism for? Do they affect each other?
Destination regions, Generation areas, transit routes
ppl travel generation areas -> destination regions via transit routes
interconnected, affect each other
How does the availability of transit routes influence travel between regions?
increase amt. + availibility transit routes, increase vol. travel btwn regions
THINK ABOUT IT
Less ppl will want to go to an ulu place difficult to go to vs a place that can be easily accessed by MRT
What do people do when there is something better than another?
Convinient and attractive transit routes causes…?
direction of travel change
choose more convienient transit route
Pull Factors of Tourism
Factors causing people to move to the generating regions
Pull factors:
- Scenery
- Special event (e.g. Taylor Swift Concert, AFA)
- Attractions and facilities
Push Factors of Tourism
Factor Cause ppl leave generating region
Push factors:
- Stress
- Pollution
Tourists, businesses, organisations relationship
Mutually dependant
- Tourists -> tour operators, go on tour
- Businesses (e.g. hotel businesses) -> tourists support, tour organisations attract tourists tour at nearby area
- Organisations -> tourists support, businesses, provide services, dest. region
How does tourism interact with nature negatively? (GIVE SPECIFIC EXAMPLE) (ENVIRONMENTAL)
Pollution (i.e. littering)
Global Example: Tourism -> 8% greenhouse gas emissions
How does tourism interact with local communities positively? (Example)
Tourists pay villagers -> traditional pottery -> preserve culture
esp. important w/ rise of pottery machines, that make traditional pottery obsolete
tourism contribute US _____ to global econ.
> $US 4 Trillion to global econ.
Tourism growth 3 main categories - What are the subpoints for each category?
Motivation to Travel
- pushpull factors
- Relaxation
- Personal growth, self fulfilment
- unique travel experiences
Ability to Travel
- increase disposable income
- increase leisure time
- lower cost (transport + accomodation)
Mobility in Travel
- expansion of public transport (services + Infastructure)
- introduction of new modes of travel
- Increase private car ownership
Why is there a need to relax? Why do they choose tourism to relax? (EXAMPLE)
- destress from everyday routines
- relax, tourism activities
- nature: Phuket, Thailand famous scenic islands
- recreational: Universal Studios SG
Another alternative option for relaxation through tourism besides s___
- Recreational activities
- different from regular routines
bungee jumping
theme park i.e. 18 million visitors (Universal Studios Singapore)
Why do people choose tourism for self-growth and self-fulfilment?
- learn smth new, improve skills, knowledge
- these ppl naturally, choose tourist sites, pick up new skills
> 4 mil muslims -> Mecca -> rituals -> growth (Pilgrimage Tourism)
Y need for unique travel exp.? Y choose tourism?
Satisfy curiosity, world by explore diff. env.
Globalisation: interconnectedness incease, increase travel routes, transport modes
Social media: raise interest, unique places -> tour
PROOF
increase tourism numbers -> Antartica
**Motivation to travel, mobility to travel
What is globalisation (Tourism)?
Tourism develop international influence.
(i.e. more transit routes, transport infastructure)
Will tourists only participate in one activity at one destination?
No.
- One dest. area, multiple needs
- They participate in diff. activities, meet motiv. -> travel
E.g.
travelling, Saudi Arabia
- >2 tril Muslims, pilgrimage, rituals
- scenic spots
What is an ability to travel?
Conditions that allows an individual to travel.
LINK
Can be domestic or international travel
Examples of stuff that affects ability to travel
- increase disposable income
- increase leisure time
- decrease accomodation, transport cost → business innovation
i.e. competitive pricing
How does tourism impact economy negatively?
- Overdependance on tourism
- Seasonal unemployment
- econ leakage
e.g. ski resort during summer
e.g. 2: natural disaster hit, tourism decrease (Carribean Islands)
tourism -> tourists contribute, environmental sust.
- Increased understanding and appreciation of the environment
- Contributing to conserving the environment
EXAMPLE:
Beach cleanups
How does tourism negatively impact socially?
- Outside cultures -> original culture lost/ altered over time (Culture Dilution)
i.e. other tourist bring their own culture, food way of life
LINK
SS: One of the negative impacts of living in diverse society: Cultural dilution
How does increase in disposable incomes lead to an increase in the ability to travel?
More ppl have means, spend on tourism
Increase in disposable income leading to increase in ability to travel example
China -> GDP quadrupled
9 Milllion Departures
What is an increase in leisure time? 2 examples of what counts as leisure time
Increase time ppl free work responsibility
- Paid leave
- Short work week
How does increase in leisure time lead to increase in ability to travel?
Increase time free from work responsibilities -> Increase ability to travel
What are business innovations in the tourism-related industry
Inventions, value for money tour exp./ cheapen
- Tour pack (Competitive pricing, buy goods, services in bulk)
- Klook, similar web
- Fuel-efficient plane
- AirBnb
How does business innovations in the tourism-related industry lead to increased ability to travel?
- Tour packages
Cheaper - Klook, compare diff. package easy
What is 1 example of lower transport costs in tourism?
during tourism transport low cost
Air transport
budget airlines
- offer air tickets at lower prices, increase affordable
*Technically also a business innovation, just saying.
How do budget airlines lower their costs?
Using fuel efficient planes
What is lower accomodation costs? What is one example of lower accomodation costs that is technically also a business innovation?
during tourism, low cost need find place stay
EXAMPLE
AirBnb
- Rent properties -> tourist
- Caters -> different budgets, low accomodation cost
- connect renters -> tourists
- 2mil ppl stays in AirBnb everyday (2019)
What is mobility in travel?
Increased ability -> move easily, conviniently (dest. region)
- Expansion, public transport services, infastructure
- increase no. travel routes
- Increase in private car ownership
How does expansion in public transport services and infastructure affect the growth of tourism?
- Increases connectivity within, between country
- Tourists travel -> more places, shorter times
Increase public transport services
Increase mobility in travel
Increase tourism
What is economic leakage?
Where the money spent in tourism, “leaked out” of circulation local economy -> global economy
EXAMPLE of expansion in public transport services and infastructrure
T4 Changi Airport
More flights to, fro Asia from SG, travel faster
What are new modes of travel? What causes new modes of travel to be invented?
Rapid development of transportation technology
think about airplane, how it made travelling easier compare rickshaws
How does new modes of travel affect the growth of tourism?
- Tourists can travel faster, further, easier thru land sea air
example of a new mode of travel affecting growth of tourism, and why? how?
Commercial air travel (airplanes) -> faster than train -> growth tourism
Why does increased private car ownership lead to growth of tourism?
- families, ppl travel quickly, conviniently
- More freedom, no., customise destinations -> visits
- BOOSTS DOMESTIC TOURISM
obviously, a car cant travel thru 2 countries (usually)
Tourist destination region development stages
- Exploration
- Involvement
- Development
- Consolidation
- Stagnation
- Decline
- Rejuvenation
(See txtbk Page 16 for the graph)
What happens as the stages of tourism development happens?
Comments:
- Key features and number of tourist arrivals evolve
- Grows in popularity when investors, tourists and tour operators move to the destination region
- Over time, the popularity will decline
- Destination can regain popularity if measures are taken to rejuvinate the place
Do all destinations go through the 6 stages of tourism development exactly as it is?
No.
- Some destinations skip some stages
- Generally follow this trend of the 6 stages of tourist development
Describe the number of tourist arrivals in the exploration stage
- Small number of venturers
- Irregular visits
Describe the tourists’ contributions to the local economy in exploration stage
- minimal
involvement?
Describe the features and facilities of destination in the exploration stage
- natural + cultural untouched attractions
- very little facilities
THINK ABOUT IT
no one is involved coz’ this is the first stage with no involvement
In Examples of Destinations, State:
Destination in Where
Example of a destination in the exploration stage
Jaco Island in Timor Leste
Describe the tourists arrivals in the involvement stage
- better publicity
- varies, diff times of year
- peak, non-peak times develop
THINK ABOUT IT
Involvement = advertising; publicizing the destination, not really developing much attractions in the large scale yet
Describe the tourists’ contributions to the local economy in the involvement stage
- Increases from the exploration stage
involvement?
Involvement stage features, facilities, who involved?
- Rise goods, services, facilities
- Amenities, facilities locals request, local authorities build maintain
In Examples of Destinations, State:
Destination in Where
Example of a destination in the involvement stage
Kuang Si Waterfalls in Laos
- Authorities invested money to improve faciltiies in waterfall
Describe the tourist arrivals in the development stage
- Increases rapidly/quickly/very quickly
THINK ABOUT IT
At this stage, there are significantly more developments and involvement is much more than the previous stage
LINK
Increase
- Mobility to travel (e.g. More transport infastructure built around the area)
- Ability to travel (e.g. Business innovations lowering transport costs)
- Motivation to travel (e.g. more development of theme parks in the area leads to people being attracted to go to the area because of the need for unique travel experiences)
Describe the tourists’ contribution to the local economy in the development stage
- Significant/Huge contribution
LINK
lots tourist -> more ppl employ -> company grows -> more attracted
Describe the features and facilities of the destination in the development stage
- Rapid Increase attractions facilities, entertainment industry build attractions, cater tourists
Businessalso increase
Describe the tourist arrivals in the consolidation stage
Slow down in growth
Arrivals > local population
Arrivals:
- total annual arrivals are almost at the peak at this point, so just like in a mountain, increments slow down before the peak
Describe the tourists’ contributions to the local economy in consolidation stage
-
Significant contributions
employments in tourism industry - Tourism industry dominates local economy
Describes the features of destination in the consolidation stage
- Slowing down in number attractions facilities built
- Majority hotels owned multinational companies
MNCs -> support huge demand -> resources
small companies wish 2 get slot -> insufficient resources
Describe the tourist arrivals in stagnation stage
- Peaks/stagnates
- Exceed carrying capacity, -> negative effects
At this point, it is the max number of tourists (the peak of the mountain, in the mountain analogy)
What goes up, must come down.
Describe the tourists’ contributions to the local economy in the stagnation stage
- Starts to stagnate
May still be quite a sum, but growth is basically bye bye at this pt
Describe the features of destination in the stagnation stage
- Tourists start feel location nothing new offer
- Less $$, maintainance facilities
- Facilities older, run down
- Local businesses no $$, close down
with tourists leaving, demand falls, while supply (competition w/ big business) is a lot.
Tourist arrivals in decline stage
no steps taken rejuvinate,
decline significantly
decline may not occur for all destinations
Describe tourist contributions to the local economy in decline stage?
decline significantly
decline may not occur for all destinations
Describe features of a destination in decline stage.
- less money available maintain, improve facilities
- old, worn down facilities -> less tourist
- local businesses affect, close -> negative impact, economy, livelihood
decline may not occur for all destinations
describe destination in rejuvenation stage
- more attractive again
- more new attractions, facilities
- re-branding
rejuvenation may not occur for all destinations
describe features of destination in rejuvenation stage
funding:
- redevelop AFA -> more attractive
- rebranding, advertisement
rejuvenation may not occur for all destinations
definition of dependables
try to make their daily lives predictable
definition of venturers
reach out, explore the world in all it’s diversity
what are both extreme ends of the spectrum of personality characteristics in Tourism?
- dependables
- venturers
Dependables VS Venturers in spending money
Dependables
- more cautious
Venturers
- more readily
Dependables VS Venturers source of influence in making travel decisions
Dependables
- guide, authority figures
- travel trends -> influencers/Venturers
Venturers
- rely less, authority figures
- Personal Judgment
Dependables preference of travel activities
Dependables
- structure, comfort, familarity
- travel, groups
- popular, well-developed, familiar AFA
- more likely return prev. visit place
- prefer mass tourism (predictable)
Venturers preference for travel activities
Venturers
- spontaneous, diversity
- travel alone
- less-developed, unique places, participate in new activities
- willing compromise familarity, comfort
- set travel trends
- visit new places
- own travel plans/niche tourism
how do personality characteristics influence travel patterns?
- preference, patterns
- certain attraction only certain areas
How personality characteristics influence development of destination
develop -> attract personality characteristics
- intial destination have attractions
- Venturer set trend
- Dynamic, everchanging so
- Dependables follow
-more AFA -> cater, increase dependables
