Tourism 2 Flashcards
link to motiv of travel
why are there emergence of new tourism types
- globalisation result, increased info, social media
- cater, diff. interests
LINK
Motivation to Travel: Need for new travel experiences
features of adventure tourism
- natural environments
- challenging physical activities
- seek to achieve personal growth, fulfillment
motivation to travel
always link to motiv. to travel
y go heritage tourism
- activities learn history, culture
- understand rich, unique cultures
spot the motivation to travel!
characteristics of location for heritage tourism
- rich history, culture
- esp UNESCO
y go sports tourism
observe sporting event:
- enjoyment, need for relaxation
participate sporting event
- need for self-fulfillment
y ppl health tourism
- medical care
- physical, mental, spiritual wellbeing, health
- cheaper, shorter waiting time, exclusive proceedures
- self-esteem
- need for self-fulfillment
characteristics of location of sports tourism
- place where sporting event held
- sporting facilities (i.e. track)
Remember Paris Olympics for this e.g.
characteristics of location of health tourism
- renowned/exclusive medical services/well-being availible
2 general trends in supply of tourism
- specalist operators complement services mass market tour operators
- tourism market print, broadcast media -> online media
what does small specalist tour operators supply? What dose mass market tour operators supply?
small specialist tour operators
- niche travel
mass market tour operators
- mass tour package
Mass market tour operators characteristics
- companies/ppl that supply tour packages cater 2 masses
- tour packages include other tourism services (i.e. transport, accomodation)
(mass market tour packages)
includes other services so that
- mobility to travel
- pull factor
why are mass market tours attractive to tourists
- relatively cheaper tour operators buy services in bulk -> lower costs
- less mafan book other provided services like food, accomodation
- trustable tour operators know the ropes
RECAP
Tour Operators
International Businesses
Local Businesses
Govt
Locals
Tourists
characteristics of special tour operators
- companies/ppl supply tours niche travel
- specialise specific destinations/tourism experiences
- not widely purchased
- tour guides experts their field
- increasingly popular globalisation + social media
- customisable
- small groups
- usually mass tour dun have
Trend of shift of tourism marketing stats
70% tourists use Internet research, plan trips
2 econ. negative impacts brought out by tourism
- economic leakages -> less tourism revenue for country
- overdepend on tourism
negative econ. impact (tourism)
economic leakage
revenue generated, tourism lost -> economies, other countries
- goods bought from other country, support local tourism industry
- lesser revenue improve standard of living citizens
- wipe out huge amounts economic benefits tourism
negative econ. impact (tourism)
overdependence on tourism
- country vulnerable to sudden fall in tourist numbers
LINK
Likely in growth/consolidation stage
4 unexpected events that cause drastic fall in tourism numbers
- natural disasters
- unfavourable political situations
- economic downturn
- outbreak of diseases
why does unfavourable political situations cause fall in tourist numbers?
- riots, protests, closure of hotels, tourist attractions
- tourist fear for safety
- govt. may even close off affected area
why does economic downturn cause fall in tourist numbers
- companies cut cost, retrench people
- less disposable income to spend on tourism
why does outbreak of diseases cause tourist numbers to drop?
- fear for safety
- govt. choose to issue travel advisory
- govt. close of affected area
all decrease no. of tourists
define cultural clash
- dislike, hostility, struggle between communities w/ diff values, beliefs
how does tourism positively impact society and culture
- enhance cultural ecosystem services
- cultural preservation
how does tourism negatively impact society and culture
- commodification, cultural practices, art forms
- cultural dilution
- cultural clashes (locals <-> locals)
- cultural clashes (tourists <-> locals)
- increased crime
positive social impact, tourism
cultural preservation
- tourists keen visit place w/ rich cultural heritage
- tourism revenue boost local economy -> incentive protect cultural practice, art forms
- govt invest money, enhancing preservation efforts
positive social impact, tourism
enhancing cultural ecosystem services?
- env protected tourist activities, experiences -> enhance cultural ecosystem service offered nature
asthetic, educational, recreational, spiritual benefits
negative social impact, tourism
commodification of cultural practices, artforms?
- demand for heritage tourism increase
- traditions commodified, lose authenticity
- exaggerated, staged, fit suit needs of tourists
- weakens cultural value for local community, tourists
- conflict amongst locals who want to preserve practices VS those who wanna use culture for revenue
DEFINE COMMODIFICATION
- turning smth into commodity that is bought/sold
how does tourism cause cultural clashes btwn tourist local
- tourists insensitive local norms
- increased cost living, congestion, crime
how does tourism cause rise of crimes?
- tourists carry large sum $$ destination site, attract theft
- locals harbor resentment towards them
how does the nature of interaction between locals, tourists impact tourism?
- tourist, locals mutually affect ea other
- determine nature social impacts tourism
- often unequal
- tourism industry focus more tourist
- local communities accomodate tourists their own expense
power difference
Positive env. impacts of tourism
- conservation of natural environments + biodiversity
- Restore degraded aquatic, terrestrial ecosystems
negative environmental impacts of tourism
- pollution
- depletion of natural rescources
- depletion of wildlife habitats
Positive env. impacts of tourism
conservation of natural environment
cleaning env
- govt., locals clean environment to attract tourists to visit
- Tourism revenue used to fund protection of aquatic + terrestrial ecosystems
Positive env. impacts of tourism
fund protection of aquatic, terrestial ecosystems
- establish restriction to development for protected areas
- employ staff to care for areas
- set up educational programmes for tourist
Positive env. impacts of tourism
restoration of degraded aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
scenic spots, sites, tourist attraction ->
motivation to stop, reverse degradation ecosystems
2 types of pollution caused by tourism
greenhouse emissions
no/not enough sewage facilities/improper waste disposal
tourism air pollution
greenhouse emissions?
- travel by air,sea,land -> fossil fuels
- far-spreading (from origin)
- nitrogen dioxide -> respiratory illness
electrical appliances
how does tourism lead to damn a lot of waste? (3 formulas) what are the consequences?
- tourist + no/not enough proper waste disposal system
- tourist + untreated sewage
- tourist + no treatment facilities
consequences
- environmental degradation
environmental degradation: water, air, land pollution e.g. basically opposite of regulating ecosystem services
negative env. impact depletion of natural rescources
- overuse of natural rescources
- harm people, terrastrial + aquatic ecosystems
negative env. impact
how does tourism lead to threats to wildlife habitats?
- construction of tourist facilities -> encroach on natural areas
- tourist trample on plant/make noise -> disturb
