Tectonics 3 Flashcards
What are disaster risks? What are its cause?
- potential damage to properties, injuries, loss of lives in (given period of time)
cause: interaction btwn tectonic hazard, vulnerability of ppl, exposure to hazard
LINK
factors determining how bad the risk is
1. type of tectonic hazard
2. vulnerability of ppl
3. exposure
given period of time, disaster dosent just disappear. Will have ash fallout, may trigger floods, may trigger fires lahars e.g.
factors that determine characteristics of tectonic disaster risks
- type of tectonic hazard
- vulnerability of ppl
- exposure
e.g. Tohuku
Possible disaster risk: coastline
Type of tectonic hazard: tsunami
Vulnerability of ppl: Moderate, people taught how to evacuate tsunami
Exposure: Sendai coastline, very high as buildings near coastline
what is tectonic disaster risk management?
plans and actions put in place
- prevent b4
- reduce during
- manage after
disaster
(prevent/reduce/manage) disaster risk (before/during/after disaster)
how is disaster risk prevented b4 disaster?
- hazard-resistant buildings
- no collapse easily (building resist hazard)
Taipei 101
how is disaster risk reduced during disaster?
- tsunami, earthquake warning systems
- timely evacuation
how is disaster risk managed after disaster?
- insurance coverage
- financial payout aft. disaster
- quicker recovery
why d__ r__ m__ strengthen resilience of country against tectonic hazard?
disaster risk managment -> country resist, adapt, recover, timely, efficient manner
environmental consequences of disaster risks that happen (vague example)
landslide
- debris bury huge areas, forest
- flooding, kill aquatic life
disaster risks VS tectonic hazards
Tectonic Hazards + Vulnerability + Exposure = Disaster Risks
Explanation
Disaster Risks is what may happen during and after a disaster.
Reduced risk from disaster risk managment
Increased risk when ppl are more vulnerable (unprepared) and more exposed(e.g. Sendai is near Coast ppl hit badly in tsunami)
social consequences of disaster risk that happen
landslides (debris, floods)
debris
- fast-moving -> injuries, deaths
- destroy houses, homeless -> temporary housing -> lack sanitation, bad QoL
debris -> block river -> floods
- contaminate clean, drinking water
- psychological trauma -> lose homes, loved ones, threat of physical harm, losing lives
Debris
- physical (injuries, deaths, homeless)
- mental
economic consequences of disaster risk that happen
landslides (debris)
- social services byebye (no facilities, rescource)
- destroy homes, properties
- costly repair, buy
- unable do jobs (farmer no clean water, irrigation)
- business lose income
- govt. spend money repair facilities
how is development of countries hindered by tectonic risks that happen?
- govt. spend money repair facilities -> less development -> less invest education, healthcare, poverty reduction -> less economic growth (tourism, infastructure damage)
- developing countries worst affect
- ppl poorer, standard of living drop (no jobs, social services, faciltiies)
LINK
Tourists don’t come because of unforseen circumstances
- natural disasters (dangerous, infastructure DMG)
Indian Ocean Tsunami
why important reduce disaster risk (disaster-prone developing country)
- severe social, economic, env. impact
- developing countries worst affect, lack rescources, skills -> prevent, reduce, manage disaster risks
- hinder development
Haiti Vs Tohuku
how developing countries that reduce disaster risk?
- cost-effectively invest -> disaster risk managment (costs smaller than when disaster happen w/o disaster risk managment)
Haiti VS Chile
what is exposed to disaster risks during a disaster?
- infastructure, belongings, people
nature of hazard
i.e. duration of shaking, time of shaking
IS NOT:
- distance from epicenter/focus depth: Those are exposure
- quality of building design/evacuation skills: Those are vulnerable conditions
define prevailing wind
wind blowing, dominant wind direction
define vulnerable conditions
conditions increasing likeliness of ppl, belongings, infastructure -> hazards
nature of hazard earthquake vs volcanic eruption
earthquake
- duration, time of shaking
volcano
- chemical comp. of magma
non exhaustive, this is jst txtbk example
another e.g.: Mw of earthquake
vulnerable conditions earthquake vs volcanic eruption
earthquake
- quality, building design
- soil, rock properties
volcanic eruption
- availibility of groundwater -> lahars
- prevailing wind conditions -> tephra travel further
exposure earthquake vs volcanic eruption
earthquake
- population density
- distance from epicentre
volcanic eruption
- presence -> infastructure, ppl
nature of hazard (earthquake)
how duration of shaking -> disaster risks -> damage done?
longer ground shaking -> more disaster risks -> more likely building collapse, ppl trapped
Tohuku Earthquake
earthquake
- duration, time of shaking
nature of hazard (earthquake)
how does time of shaking -> disaster risks -> damage done?
time of day, activities carried out diff. -> night, sleeping (disaster risk) -> unable evacuate quick -> ppl trapped
Kobe, Japan earthquake
earthquake
- duration, time of shaking
v__ conditions (earthquake)
how does q__, b__ d__ -> d__ r__ -> v__ c___
quality, building design -> disaster risks -> vulnerable conditions
- poorer quality design (disaster risk) -> more vulnerable collapse
- ppl trap -> injuries, deaths
earthquake
- quality, building design
- soil, rock properties
v__ conditions (earthquake)
3 characteristics of poor quality building design
- poorly built, rigid low quality materials
- dont follow building codes
- lack earthquake-resistant features (i.e. cross bracing)
building codes are set by…?
authorities
what does it cause? s__ l__ and a__ s__ w__
how does s__, r__ p__ contribute to extent of disaster risks?
soil, rock properties
- worsen/cause, earthquake hazards
soil liquefaction
- buildings tip over, sink liquefied soil -> ppl trapped -> injuries, deaths
seismic waves hard rock -> soft soil, slow down, amplified
- more intense shaking -> more building collapse
- compact solid rock -> less intense shaking
Port-Au Prince, Haiti Earthquake
clarify
saturated soil = soil w/ lots of water content
softer the soil, ___ the disaster risk
softer the soil,
higher the disaster risk
exposure (earthquake)
how does p__ d___ affect exposure of people, belongings, infastructure
- number of ppl/unit of area
- higher population density, more exposed
- more injuries, deaths
earthquake
- population density
- distance from epicentre
Papua New Guinea vs Great Sichuan Earthquake
exposure (earthquake)
how does d__ f__ e__ affect exposure of people, belonging infastructure
- nearer to city, greater no. exposed
- city nearer = less energy of seismic waves absorbed -> rocks b4 reach city
- violent shaking, building collapse, injuries, deaths
Port Au Prince vs Papua New Guinea
earthquake
- population density
- distance from epicentre
nature of hazard (volcano)
how does c__ c__ of m__ affect volcanic eruption
- chem. composition -> viscosity -> effusive/explosive eruption
Kiluea VS Merapi
volcano
chemical comp. of magma
vulnerability of hazard (volcano)
how does a__ of s__, g___ affect vulnerability?
- greater availibility groundwater -> lahars
- vulnerability people, properties increased
- injuries, deaths
sources of large quantities of water that cause lahars
rapid melting, snow, ice (volcano summit)
groundwater released -> cracks, lines of weaknesses
rivers, lakes
heavy rainfall
Mt Pinatubo
how p__ w__ c__ affect vulnerability to volcanic eruption?
- distribution of ashfall, tephra
- larger area ashfall, more vulnerability
- heavier, larger particles deposited near volcano
- finer ash particles -> thousands km away
i.e.
Human settlements Volcano Forest
Prevailing wind: Left = human settlements most affected
Prevailing wind: Right = wildlife most affected
Mt Pinatubo
how does the d__ of f__ a__ p__ a__ p__?
- people -> health, respiratory problem
- weight (accumulated ash) cause properties roof collapse
- destroy farmland
- availibility of groundwater -> lahars
- prevailing wind conditions -> tephra travel further
Mt Pinatubo
exposure (volcano)
how does p__ -> i___, p__ affect disaster risks
presence -> infastructure ppl
- near volcano, exposed
- presence -> infastructure, ppl
LINK
ppl still live near volcano cuz
1. Farming w/ fertile soil
2. Extract precious materials, fossil fuel
3. Harness geothermal energy
4. Tourism
Mt Sinabung
define community resilience
- ability, community timely manner resist, adapt, recover -> disaster impacts
define land use planning
organising, regulating land use, development in area
define disaster recovery
- restoring, improving livelihoods, health of ppl affected by disaster
include: environmental activities, belongings
4 strategies build community resilience
correspond: vulnerability, exposure, prepardness
less…
1. vulnerability, hazard resistant building design
2. vulnerability, monitoring, warning system
3. exposure land use planning
more…
4 prepardness disaster response, recovery
how does l__ u__ p__ reduce e___
rough idea
- control, minimise development -> high-risk area
- less potential deaths
how achieve
- hazard maps, past earthquake data -> risk areas -> suggest lvls of risk (likelihood/extent disaster occurence)
- strict guidelines
2011 Tohuku Earthquake
LINK
4 strat. increase community resilience
less…
1. vulnerability, hazard resistant building design
2. vulnerability, monitoring, warning system
3. exposure land use planning
more…
4 prepardness disaster response, recovery
how does h___ r__ b__ d___ reduce v___?
hazard resistant building design reduce vulnerability
withstand groundshaking
- shock absorbers/dampers -> buildings -> absorb vibrations
- reinforcing buildings -> diagonal crossbraces -> retain shape
- building no sway too much -> no collapse
Taipei 101
LINK
4 strat. increase community resilience
less…
1. vulnerability, hazard resistant building design
2. vulnerability, monitoring, warning system
3. exposure land use planning
more…
4 prepardness disaster response, recovery
how does m__, w__ s__ reduce v___?
- set devices, detect seismic waves, ground deform, predict, warn potential hazard
- timely evacuation
- i.e. Early Earthquake Warning System
2011 Tohuku Earthquake
4 strat. increase community resilience
less…
1. vulnerability, hazard resistant building design
2. vulnerability, monitoring, warning system
3. exposure land use planning
more…
4 prepardness disaster response, recovery
What is EEWS for?
early earthquake warning systems
BEFORE
- set devices, detect seismic waves
- alert ppl b4 disaster
- critical save lives
DURING
- authorities, ppl respond, evacuate fast
DURING/AFTER
- aid directed -> high risk areas (most needed)
2011 Tohuku Earthquake
4 strat. increase community resilience
less…
1. vulnerability, hazard resistant building design
2. vulnerability, monitoring, warning system
3. exposure land use planning
more…
4 prepardness disaster response, recovery
why must p___ d___ r__, r__?
prepardness disaster response, recovery
- build comm. resilience
- avoid dangers -> tectonic hazards
4 strat. increase community resilience
less…
1. vulnerability, hazard resistant building design
2. vulnerability, monitoring, warning system
3. exposure land use planning
more…
4 prepardness disaster response, recovery
3 strategies to increase p__ d__ r__, r___
preparedness disaster response, recovery
- education, raise public awareness, hazard
- first-aid training
- conduct evacuation drills
4 strat. increase community resilience
less…
1. vulnerability, hazard resistant building design
2. vulnerability, monitoring, warning system
3. exposure land use planning
more…
4 prepardness disaster response, recovery
how does e__, r__ p__ a__, h__ lead to p___ d__ r__, r___
education, raise public awareness, hazard -> preparedness disaster response, recovery
-provide ppl -> knowledge, how respond hazards
- i.e. seal door, window (eruption)
3 strategies to increase preparedness disaster response, recovery
- education, raise public awareness, hazard
- first-aid training
- conduct evacuation drills
Preparedness disaster response, recovery -> 4 strategies to increase community resilience
how does f__-a__ t__ lead to p__ d__ r__ r__?
first-aid training -> preparedness disaster response, recovery
- ppl can administer, basic first aid -> mobile, evacuate if need
3 strategies to increase preparedness disaster response, recovery
- education, raise public awareness, hazard
- first-aid training
- conduct evacuation drills
how does c__ e__ d__ increase p___, d___ r___ r___
conducting evacuation drills -> preparedness, disaster response, recovery
- familar evacuation procedures, routes -> less trapped
- familiar avoid areas downwind, volcano (ash)
- tsunami evacuation, inundation routes
3 strategies to increase preparedness disaster response, recovery
- education, raise public awareness, hazard
- first-aid training
- conduct evacuation drills
2011 Tohuku Earthquake
