Specific Examples (Tect2-3) Flashcards
memorise section by section
Example of tourist activities near a volcano
- Revenue
- Location
- Extra details
Tourism in Volcanoes Example
Rev: $88million
Location: Hawaiian Islands
Extra: Scenic volcanoes
Example of a country harnessing geothermal energy thru volcano
- Location
- Reliance
Geothermal Energy Example
Location: Iceland
Reliance: Electricity generate greatly relies, GT-energy
Example of volcano
- people extract precious materials, fossil fuels despite eruptions
- pyroclastic flow caused all kinds of damage
- high silica magma
- prepardeness prevented deaths
- timely evacuation saved people
pyroclastic flows
Year
Name
Deaths
Evacuated
Env. Impact
Info about flows
What do people do there?
Info about preparedness
pyroclastic flows
- 2010
- Mount Merapi
- 350 killed
- 350k evacuated
- huge areas of forest burn
- blaste series flows down 3km slopes, volcano -> village
Mining of Precious minerals/fossil fuels
- thousands mine volcanic sand
Prepardeness
- scientists warned abt. 2010 eruption
- govt. set up >700 evac. centers
- >10k lives saved
nuh uh low silica dosent mean no danger lol.
and also high silica kill people, low silica damage properties
Example of volcano that
- fertile soil
- volcanic gases
Volcanic Gases
Year
Name
Gases Released
Deaths
About the soil
Volcanic Gases
Year: 1979
Name: Dieng Volcano
Gases Released: Co2 (deadly amts.)
Deaths: 150
Fertility of Soil
About the soil: Dieng Plateau very fertile
This example is replaced, as Dieng also happens to be a textbook example.
Example of volcano that
- volcanic landslides
- has a crater
Name
Year
Landslides
What happened (resulting in crater)
Landslide info:
Impact on ecosystem
Crater
- Mount St Helens
- 1980
Volcanic Landslides
- North face of volcanic cone collapse
- Volcanic Landslide >23km travel
- Destroy huge area of land, kill wildlife
NOT A CALDERA!! But it has a crater.
Example of Shield Volcano
- did some damage
- lava flows
Name
Year
VEI
Lava Flows
Ecosystem impact
Deaths
Number of properties destroyed
moneh damage
Shield Volcano (VEI exception)/Comparison with Strato
- Mount Kilauea
- 2018
- 3
Lava flows
- huge forests, ecosystems destroyed
- 0 deaths 24 injured
- >600 homes
- $800mil USD
argue that determining factor is VEI
VEI 4 Stratovolcano: 20k deaths
VEI 3 Kiluea (Shield): no deaths
Example of volcano that
- tephra, cause ash to travel very far away - made worse by damn a lot of groundwater, wind
- timely evacuation helped it
Year
Name:
Ash travelled:
Property Destroyed:
Forests Buried:
Result of damn a lot of groundwater:
Result of damn a lot of wind:
Timely Evacuation
Lives saved
Tephra or Ash Example
- 1991
- Mount Pinatubo
- ash spread across SEA
- 800km^2 rice fields destroyed
- 180km^2 forest buried in ash
Groundwater Availibility
- monsoon, heavy rain
- lahars triggered by it, >100k homes destroyed
Wind
- 20m/s wind
Timely Evacuation
Timely Evacuation: recieved warning from scientists of imminent eruption, evacuated citizens
Lives saved: 100k
90k hectares farmland dmg
Example of volcano that lahars
Name
Year
Deaths
How did Lahars Form
Env. impact
VEI
Lahars Example
Name: Nevado Del Ruiz
Year: 1985
Deaths: 20k
How did Lahars Form: Released huge amts. ash + volcanic rocks, combined w/ melted snow + ice
Env. impact: thousands of fish died
Stratovolcano with Low VEI, high deaths
VEI: 4
argue that determining factor is VEI
VEI 4 Stratovolcano: 20k deaths
VEI 3 Kiluea (Shield): no deaths
Example of tsunami that
- env. impact
- kill loads of ppl
- travel further, waves higher
- damage economy
Year
Name
Trigger
Coasts affected
People killed
Waves travelled inland (km)
Wave Height
Damage to Economy
Env. Impact, Kill loads of people
Year: 2004
Name: Indian Ocean Tsunami
Trigger: 9.1Mw earthquake
Coasts affected: 11
People killed: >230k
Travel Further, Waves Higher
Waves travelled inland: 5000km
Wave Height: 51m
damage economy
Damage to Economy: Push %tage of ppl living below poverty line from 30% -> 50%
Example of undersea earthquake that has
- environmental and human impact
- shaking damn long
- travel less further, lower waves,
- infastructure, rescources very good
- land use planning helped it
- monitoring signs helped it
- disaster prepardness helped it
- search and rescue efforts helped it
- timely evacuation helped it
- rehousing helped it
Year
Name
Trees
Birb
Deaths
Waves travelled inland (km)
Wave Height
Infrastructure
Rescources
Duration of shaking
Info abt land use planning
What happened as a result
Info abt monitoring signs
What happened as a result
Education in disaster prepardness
Timely evacuation
What happened as a result
No. of rescue operators
No. of search dogs
rehoused
Environmental Impact
Year: 2011
Name: Tohuku Earthquake
Trees: 70k pine trees knock out
Birb: 100k chicks killed
Human impact
Deaths: 1/2 Sendai population, 19k total
Travel less further, lower waves
Waves travelled inland (km): 2000km
Wave Height: 40m
Infrastructure: developed country, more earthquake-resistant buildings
Rescources: 48,400PPP (more)
shaking damn long
Duration of shaking: 6min
good land use planning
Info abt land use planning: lower buildings shifted higher
What happened as a result: higher ground houses not struck
monitoring signs
Info abt monitoring signs: monitoring systems detect tremors, stop bullet train
What happened as a result: thousands saved
Disaster prepardness
Education in disaster prepardness: drills, evacuation conducted at Kamaishi city schools
Timely evacuation: evacuate students to higher ground immediately
What happened as a result: almost all 3k students survive
search and rescue efforts
No. of rescue operators: 500
No. of search dogs: 30
strategy recovering from disaster employed
rehoused: majority of 500k ppl displaced rehoused at
Example of earthquake that landslides kill people, epicenter near civilisation, high population density
Year
Name
Landslides
Deaths
Epicenter Location
Population Density
Year: 2008
Name: Great Sichuan Earthquake
landslides
Landslides: 15k
Deaths: 20k
epicenter near civilisation
Epicenter Location: Duyingjian
Population Density: 545/km2
argue for essay that epicenter is a key factor
Example of earthquake that landslide cause damage to ecosystem, epicenter near civilisation, low population density
Year
Name
What did Landslides do?
Epicenter nearer
Deaths
Populaton Density
Year: 2018
Name: Papua New Guinea
landslide -> ecosystem effect
What did Landslides do?: Kill fish pollute waters
near epicenter, low population density
Epicenter: 10km from Town of Komo
Deaths: 670
Population Density: 29.71/km²
argue for essay that epicenter distance is not a determining factor, population density determines it better
Example of earthquake that
- soil liquefaction affect infastructure, ecosystems
- ground shaking affect ecosystems
Year
Name
Info about infastructure (soil liquefaction)
Info about ecosystem (soil liquefaction)
Info about ecosystem (ground shaking)
Year: 2010-2011
Name: Christchurch, New Zealand
soil liquefaction affect infastructure
Info about infastructure: 60k (1/3 of city) damaged
Info about ecosystem: (soil liquefaction): liquefied soil enter rivers -> pollution
ground shaking affect ecosystems
Info about ecosystem: (ground shaking): 300 trees removed
Example of earthquake that
- ground shaking affect infastructure, kill people
- infastructure, rescources bad
- soft soil
- epicenter further
- poor disaster prepardness harmed it
- providence of basic social, psychosocial service after disaster
- lack of technology worsened it
Year
Name
Houses
Deaths
Mw
State of Infrastructure
Rescources
Soil near epicenter
Soil’s effect on earthquake
Epicenter distance
Education in disaster prepardness
Network of help
Result of poor disaster prepardness
Basic need cut off
Basic need provided
lack of tech
ground shaking affect houses and people
Year: 2010
Name: Port-Au-Prince, Haiti Earthquake
Houses: 250k collapsed
Deaths: 220k
infrastructure bad
Mw: 7.0
State of Infastructure: poor investment in earthquake-resistant building
Rescources: 3310 PPP dollars (lack)
soft soil
Soil near epicenter: layers of soft soil
Soil’s effect on earthquake: seismic waves amplified
epicenter further
Epicenter distance: 25km from city
poor disaster prepardness
Education in disaster prepardness: none
Network of help: no network of healthcare workers
Result of poor disaster prepardness: looting, chaos, unrest
providence of basic social, psychosocial service after disaster
Basic need cut off: water supply disrupt
Basic need provided: Red cross -> 12k ppl’s water supplied
lack of tech worsened it
lack of tech: short of ambulances, machines to lift rubble -> manual lifting
argue for essay that epicenter distance is not a determining factor, population density determines it better, then do the Papua New Guinea + Sichuan comparison
This likely had soil liquefaction as well. because of the soft soil
Example of hotspot volcano
Name
Location
Name: Piton De La Fournaise
Location: island of Reunion in Indian Ocean
