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Biology 1010 > Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how do biologists study cells

A

microscopes and biochemistry tools

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2
Q

what do eukaryotic cells have that compartmentalizes their functions

A

internal membranes

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3
Q

what organelle is probably going to be seen first when examing a cell

A

the nucleus

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4
Q

where is genetic instruction housed in eukaryotic cells

A

the nucleus

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5
Q

what carries the genetic instructions in eukaryotic cells

A

the ribosomes

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6
Q

what is not an organelle in cells

A

ribosomes

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7
Q

what does the endomembrane system regulate

A
  1. protein traffic
  2. performs metabolic functions
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8
Q

mitochondria and chloroplasts can do what

A

change energy from one form or another

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9
Q

what does the cytoskeleton do in the cell

A

organizes structures and activties

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10
Q

extracellular components and connections between cells do what

A

helps coordinate cellular activties

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11
Q

all organisms are made from

A

cells

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12
Q

what is the simplest collection of matter that can e alive

A

cells

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13
Q

all cells are related by

A

descent from earlier cells

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14
Q

what does being alive mean

A

able to reproduce itself

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15
Q

cell _____ is correlated to cell ______

A

structure and function

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16
Q

cell theory

A
  1. cells are the fundamental unit of life
  2. simplest unit capable of independent existent
  3. living things have to be made from cells
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17
Q

viruses are ______ because they need _______ to survive

A

not alive and a host cell

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18
Q

why are microscopes used

A

to visualize cells

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19
Q

why are cells complex

A

they are self sustaining units

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20
Q

Light microscope

A

visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses

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21
Q

how can the image be magnified

A

the lens refracts the light

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22
Q

three important parts of microscopy

A
  1. magnification
  2. resolution
  3. contrast
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23
Q

magnification

A

ratio of an object’s image size to its real size

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24
Q

resolution

A

the minimum distance of two points that are still distingushable

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25
Q

what is a measure of clarity

A

resolution

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26
Q

contrast

A

visible difference in parts of the sample
(light vs dark areas)

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27
Q

what magnification does an LM do to a specimen

A

about 1000 times actual size

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28
Q

what techniques can make specimen more clear for LM

A
  1. fluorene
  2. stains
  3. pigments
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29
Q

what is too small to be seen by LM

A

organelles

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30
Q

unstained specimen of LM has

A

little contrast

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31
Q

stained specimen of LM has

A

enhanced contrast

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32
Q

what happens to the stained cell during microscopy

A

its killed

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33
Q

LM phase-contrast used for

A

living unpigmented cells

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34
Q

Lm differential-Interference Contrast results in

A

a 3D image

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35
Q

Fluorescence microscopy of LM uses

A

antibodies to see specific molecules

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36
Q

what LM advances allow a sharper 3D image

A

confocal microscopy and deconvolution microscopy

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37
Q

confocal microscopy of LM

A

laser produces sharper images and allows 3D image reconstruction

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38
Q

Types of electron microscopy (EM)

A
  1. scanning electron microscopes (SEM)
  2. transmission electron microscopes (TEM)
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39
Q

scanning electron microscopes (SEM)

A

provides a 3D image of the surface of the specimen

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40
Q

scanning electron microscopes (SEM) focus electrons ____ the specimen

A

onto the surface of

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41
Q

transmission electron microscopes (TEM)

A

provides a study of the internal structures

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42
Q

transmission electron microscopes (TEM) focus electrons _____ the specimen

A

through

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43
Q

super-resolution microscopes

A

Able to “break” the resolution barrier and distinguish structures as small as 10-20 nm across

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44
Q

greater magnification means

A

additional details cannot be seen clearly

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45
Q

Electron Microscopes
advantage

A

Revealed many subcellular structures impossible to see with LM

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46
Q

Electron Microscopes
disadvantage

A

Methods used to prepare the speciment kills the cells

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47
Q

Electron Microscopes
disadvantage

A

Methods used to prepare the specimen kills the cells

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48
Q

cell fractionation

A

cells are broken open and separated into their components

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49
Q

______ is used to separate organelles from one another by ______ _____ the centrifugation ____

A

centrifuges, gradual increasing, speed

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50
Q

the _____ of organelles can be studied when

A

function and isolated from other components

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51
Q

cells are made from _____ _____

A

90% and water

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52
Q

two types of cells

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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53
Q

what two domains of life are fully prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria and archae

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54
Q

domains in eukaryotic cells

A

animal, fungi, plant and protist

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55
Q

what 4 features do ALL cells have

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytosol
  3. chromosomes
  4. ribosomes
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56
Q

what carries the genes

A

chromosomes

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57
Q

what makes proteins

A

ribosomes

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58
Q

PROKARYOTIC CELLS are characterized by

A
  1. no nucleus
  2. DNA is unbound in the nucleoid
  3. no membrane-bound organelles
  4. cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane
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59
Q

similarities between PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC cells

A
  1. both have DNA as genetic material
  2. both are membrane-bound
  3. both have ribosomes
  4. both have similar metabolism
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60
Q

differences between PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC cells

A
  1. Eukaryotes have a nucleus AND membrane-bound organelles
  2. Prokaryotic DNA floats freely while Eukaryotic DNA is held in the nucleus
  3. Eukaryotic cells are about 10 x bigger
  4. DNA of eukaryotes is more complex
  5. Prokaryotes have a cell wall made from peptidoglycan while eukaryotes don’t have cell walls made from that
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61
Q

the cell wall is found in

A

bacteria, fungi and plants

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62
Q

what makes prokaryotic cell walls unique from all other eukaryotic cell walls

A

made from peptidoglycan

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63
Q

EUKARYOTIC cells are characterized by

A
  1. membrane-bound organelles
  2. bigger size
  3. have DNA in nucleus, surrounded by nuclear envelope
  4. cytoplasm between nucleus and plasma membrane
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64
Q

the plasma membrane is what kind of barrier

A

selective barrier

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65
Q

what does the plasma membrane allow passage of

A
  1. oxygen
  2. nutrients
  3. waste
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66
Q

what does the passage of the plasma membrane do for the cell

A

supports the cell volume

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67
Q

what is the structure of the biological membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

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68
Q

what makes species unique from each other

A

glycoprotein

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69
Q

what is unique to each cell

A

DNA

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70
Q

how do animal and plant cells differ

A

from their structure

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71
Q

how is the membrane fixed

A

from vesicles transporting materials from the ER or golgi

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72
Q

the membrane has of what organelle has no phospholipid membrane

A

ribosomes

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73
Q

all the organelles in the endomembrane system have

A

membranes surrounding them

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74
Q

unique structures to plant cell structures

A
  1. chloroplasts
  2. large central vacuoles
  3. cell walls
  4. plasmodesmata
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75
Q

how do ribosomes make proteins

A

by using the information from the DNA

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76
Q

what is the most conspicuous organelle

A

the nucleus

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77
Q

the ______ encloses the nucleus

A

nuclear membrane

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78
Q

the nuclear membrane has ____ parts each consisting of a _____

A

two and lipid bilayer

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79
Q

chromatin

A

the folding and positioning define what the cell can do

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80
Q

what regulates entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus

A

pores

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81
Q

what determines the shape of the nucleus

A

nuclear lamina

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82
Q

what is the nuclear lamina made from

A

proteins

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83
Q

what are the sections of the DNA called in the nucleus

A

chromosomes

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84
Q

what is a chromosome made from

A

single DNA molecule with proteins

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85
Q

what is DNA and proteins on chromosome called

A

chromatin

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86
Q

nucleolus

A

site of rRNA synthesis in nucleus

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87
Q

what are ribosomes made from

A

rRNA and protein

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88
Q

nuclear envelope

A

encloses the nucleus and separates its contents from the cytoplasm

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89
Q

Nuclear matrix

A

framework of protein fibers that extend throughout the nuclear interior

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90
Q

what two parts of the nucleus help organize the genetic material so it functions efficiently

A

nuclear lamina and matrix

91
Q

what reduces the length of the DNA so it fits in the nucleus

A

chromatin

92
Q

two types of ribosomes

A

free and bound

93
Q

free ribosomes are

A

suspended in the cytosol

94
Q

bound ribosomes are found

A

attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

95
Q

components of the endomembrane system

A

a. Nuclear envelope
b. Endoplasmic reticulum
c. Golgi apparatus
d. Lysosomes
e. Kinds of vesicles
f. Vacuoles
Plasma membrane

96
Q

what components of the endomembrane system are physically connected

A
  1. nuclear envelope
  2. ER
97
Q

ER membrane is

A

continuous with the nuclear envelope

98
Q

ER accounts for _____ of total membrane in eukaryotic cells

A

more than half

99
Q

two types of ER

A

smooth ER and Rough Er

100
Q

smooth ER

A

has NO ribosomes

101
Q

smooth ER functions

A

Synthesis of lipids
Metabolism of carbohydrates
Detoxification of drugs and poisons
storage of calcium ions

102
Q

what cells have lots of smooth ER

A

muscle cells

103
Q

Rough ER

A

has ribosomes on the surface

104
Q

Rough ER functions

A
  1. site for synthesis of all proteins of the endomembrane system
  2. produces transport vesciles
105
Q

what do the ribosomes on the Rough ER do

A

synthesis glycoproteins

106
Q

what are transport vesicles

A

distribute lipids and proteins to other components of the endomembrane system

107
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

a flattened membranous sac

108
Q

what is the flattened membranous sac called for the golgi

A

cisternae

109
Q

what are the two faces of the Golgi

A

cis and trans face

110
Q

what does the cis face do in Golgi

A

receives vesicles from the ER

111
Q

After leaving the ER, transport vesicles travel to the

A

Gogi

112
Q

what is the Golgi tasked with

A

receiving, storing, shipping and sometimes manufacturing products

113
Q

what direction do the cisternae move forward in

A

from the cis face to the trans face

114
Q

what does the trans face do in Golgi

A

vesicles are shipped from the Golgi and sent to other parts of the cell

115
Q

functions of the Golgi

A
  1. modify products of the Er
  2. make certain macromolecules
  3. sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
116
Q

lysosomes

A

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes

117
Q

what conditions do lysosomes work best in

A

acidic enviroments

118
Q

what are lysosomes used for

A

digest macromolecules
recycle cells own damaged material

119
Q

what is autophagy

A

Recycle the cell’s own organic material

120
Q

what can enzymes hydrolyze

A
  1. fats
  2. proteins
  3. polysaccharides
  4. nucleic acids
121
Q

phagocytosis

A

cells that engulf another cell by forming a food vacoule

122
Q

how does phagocytosis work

A
  1. lysosome fuses with food vacuole
  2. enzymes in the lysosome digest the food
  3. digestion products pass into the cytosol and become nutrients for the cell
123
Q

what allows the cell to continuality reuse itself

A

lysosomes

124
Q

Vacuoles are what

A

Large vesicles from the Er and Golgi apparatus

125
Q

the vacuole membrane is ______ in transporting solutes

A

selective

125
Q

Types of vacuoles

A

food vacuoles
contractile vacuoles
central vacoule

126
Q

Food vacoules

A

Formed by phagocytosis

127
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

Pump excess water out of the cell

128
Q

Central vacuole formed by

A

the merging of smaller vacuoles

129
Q

central vacuole

A
  1. Growth of plant cells
  2. holds organic compounds and water
130
Q

what occupies the majority of the plant cell’s volume

A

one large central vacuole

131
Q

mitochondria

A

Sites of cellular respiration that uses oxygen to create ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats and other fuels

132
Q

Chloroplasts is the site of what

A

photosynthesis

133
Q

chloroplasts convert

A

solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to synthesis of organic compounds (sugars)

134
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

a. An early ancestor if eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen-using no photosynthetic prokaryotic cell
b. The engulfed cell formed a relationship with the host cell
c. Became endosymbiont (cell living within a cell)
d. Host cell and endosymbiont merged into a single organism (eukaryote cell with a mitochondrion)

135
Q

what supports the endosymbiont theory

A

b. Both have two membranes surrounding them
c. Like prokaryotes, both contain ribosomes and multiple circular DNA molecules
d. Both are autonomous (independent) organelles that grow and reproduce within the cell

136
Q

Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells

A

Mitochondria

137
Q

the mitochondria have ___ membranes enclosing as a ____ bilayer

A

two and phospholipid

138
Q

membranes of the mitochondria

A

Outer membrane is smooth
The inner membrane is convoluted with foldings

139
Q

what are the foldings called on the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

cristae

140
Q

what is enhancing the productivity of cellular respiration

A

the inner membrane large surface area

141
Q

two internal compartments of the mitochondrion

A

intermembrane space
mitochondrial matrix

142
Q

intermembrane space of mitochondria

A

narrow region between the inner and outer membrane

143
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

Contains many different enzymes, mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes enclosed by inner wall

144
Q

Chloroplasts have a

A

Green pigment chlorophyll with enzymes and other molecules work in the photosynthesis production of sugar

145
Q

chloroplasts are found in

A

leaves and other green organs of plants and algae

146
Q

how are the Contents of chloroplasts separate from the cytosol

A

by an envelope consisting of two membranes

147
Q

Inside the chloroplast is a membranous system

A
  1. stroma
  2. granum
  3. thylakoids
148
Q

stroma

A

The fluid outside the thylakoids

149
Q

granum

A

These thylakoids are often stacked and each stack

150
Q

thykaloids

A

Flattened interconnected sacs

151
Q

Three compartments of the chloroplast allow the conversion of light energy to chemical energy

A

a. The intermembrane space
b. The stroma
The thylakoid space

152
Q

Peroxisomes

A

A specialized metabolic compartment that converts h2o2 to water

153
Q

Glyoxysomes

A

Contain enzymes that initiate the conversion of fatty acids to sugar in plants

154
Q

Roles of Cytoskeleton

A

Gives mechanical support to the cell and maintains the shape
Anchors for many organelles and some cytosolic enzyme molecules
Cell motility

155
Q

why is the cytoskeleton important in animals

A

they lack cell walls

156
Q

Components of the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments

157
Q

Thickest of the three components

A

Microtubules

158
Q

The thinness of the three components

A

Microfilaments

159
Q

Diameters in a middle range

A

intermediate filaments

160
Q

Microtubules are

A

Hollow rods are made by a globular protein called tubulin

161
Q

what is tubulin

A

a dimer made from both beta and alpha tubulin

162
Q

functions of microtubules

A
  1. shape the cell
  2. guided movement of organelles
  3. separating chromosomes during cell division
163
Q

microtubules grow out from a ______ near the _____

A

centrosome and nucleus

164
Q

a centrosome is a

A

microtubule-organizing centre

165
Q

centrosome has a pair of _____ each with nine _____ of microtubules in a _____

A

centrioles, triplets, ring

166
Q

Flagella motion

A

has an undulating motion like a tail of a fish

167
Q

Cilia motion

A

work more like the oars of a boat - waving back and forth

168
Q

common structures of cilia and flagella

A

a core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane
Basal body
motor protein called dynein

169
Q

basal body

A

microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum is anchored in the cell by this

170
Q

Bending movement comes from

A

large proteins called dynein

171
Q

what controls the beating of cilia and flagella

A

microtubules

172
Q

how does dynein work

A
  1. the dynein arms alternatively grab, move and release outer microtubules
  2. protein-cross links limit the amount of sliding
  3. Two “feet” walk along the microtubule of the adjacent doublet using ATP energy
173
Q

Microfilaments

A

solid rods built from twisting double chains of actin

174
Q

functions of Microfilaments

A
  1. helps with motility
  2. structural role to bear tension (pulling forces)
175
Q

what is the cortex for microfilaments

A

the 3D network inside the plasma membrane that helps support the cell’s shape

176
Q

bundles of microfilaments make up

A

core of microvilli of intestinal cells

177
Q

what do microfilaments contain in reference to motility

A

actin but also myosin

178
Q

myosin

A

its a motor protein

179
Q

how are the actin filaments arranged in muscle cells

A

parallel to each other

180
Q

examples of microfilaments and mobility

A
  1. pseudopodia
  2. cytoplasm streaming
181
Q

pseudopodia

A

cells crawl along a surface by extending cellular extensions called pseudopodia

182
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

in plant cells its the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells

183
Q

cytoplasmic streaming speeds up what

A

the distribution of materials within a cell

184
Q

what is cytoplasmic streaming driven by

A

actin-myosin interactions and so-gel transformations

185
Q

Intermediate filaments are composed of

A

different proteins

186
Q

what is a more permanent structure of the cytoskeleton

A

Intermediate filaments

187
Q

the function of Intermediate filaments

A
  1. support cell shape
  2. fix organelles in place
  3. specialized for bearing tension
188
Q

____ and _____ are consistent in diameter and composition in all eukaryotic cells while ______ are not.

A

Microtubules and microfilaments, intermediate filaments

189
Q

what do most cells do in regards to the plasma membrane

A

synthesize and secrete materials outside of the cell

190
Q

extracellular structures include

A
  1. cell walls
  2. extracellular matrix
  3. interceulluar junctions
191
Q

One of the features that distinguish plant cells from animal cells

A

cell wall

192
Q

cell wall functions

A
  1. Wall protects the plant cell
    1. Maintains its shape
      Prevents excessive uptake of wate
193
Q

when does a cell strengthen its cell wall

A

when it is mature and stopped growing

194
Q

Cell wall design

A

Microfibrils made of cellulose are synthesized by an enzyme and secreted to the extracellular space

195
Q

sections of the cell wall

A
  1. primary cell wall
  2. middle lamella
  3. secondary cell wall
196
Q

Primary cell wall

A

Young plant cell’s first secretes a relatively thin and flexible wall

197
Q

where does the cellulose become embedded in the cell wall

A

polysaccharides and proteins

198
Q

Middle Lamella

A

Middle lamella glues adjacent cells together

199
Q

Secondary cell wall

A
  1. Used to strengthen the cell wall
200
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells made from

A

glycoproteins and other carbohydrate-containing molecules

201
Q

purpose of the ECM

A
  1. support
  2. adhesion
  3. movement
  4. regulation
202
Q

what kinds of glycoproteins are ECM made from

A
  1. collagen
  2. proteoglycan
    3, fibronectin
203
Q

what are integrins

A

cell surface receptors used by fibronectin to bind

204
Q

Most abundant glycoprotein in ECM

A

collagen

205
Q

how can the ECM regulate a cell’s behaviour

A

the communication through integrins

206
Q

the ECM can influence the activity of ____-in the nucleus

A

genes

207
Q

______ signals may occur through the cytoskeletal changes and trigger _____ signal in the cell

A

mechanical and chemical

208
Q

what are cell junctions

A
  1. Neighbouring cells often interact and communicate by sites of direct physical contact
209
Q

plasmodesmata in plant cells

A

Channels that connect cells

210
Q

what can pass through plasmodesmata in plant cells

A

water
small solutes

211
Q

junctions in animal cells

A
  1. tight junction
  2. desmosomes
  3. gap junctions
212
Q

what connections unify most of the plants into one continuum

A

the plasmodesmata in plant cells

213
Q

tight junctions

A

Plasma membranes of neighbouring cells are very tightly pressed against each other

214
Q

tight junctions form what

A

continuous seals around the cell

215
Q

what prevents leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells

A

tight junctions

216
Q

Desmosomes

A

Fastening cells together into strong sheets

217
Q

Gap junctions

A

Cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell

218
Q

Necessary for communications between cells in many types of tissues

A

gap junctions

219
Q

what is the anchoring junction

A

desmosomes

220
Q

what is the communication junction

A

gap junction

221
Q

what animal structure is similar to plasmodesmata in plants

A

gap junction

222
Q

cells rely on the ______ of structure and organelles to _____

A

integration and function

223
Q

Eggs are larger than any other cell in the human body by

A

about 100 mm

Biology 1010 (14 decks)

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