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Biology 1010 > Mendel and genetics > Flashcards

Mendel and genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

blending hypothesis

A

idea that genetic material contributed by the two mixes

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2
Q

blending hypothesis predicts

A

over many generations a freely mating population will give rise to a uniform population of individuals

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3
Q

blending hypothesis fails to explain the

A

reappearance of traits that have skipped generations

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4
Q

particulate hypothesis is the

A

gene idea

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5
Q

particulate hypothesis

A

parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes)

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6
Q

with the gene idea, the genes retain their

A

separate identities in offspring

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7
Q

genes can be shuffled and passed

A

along generation after generation

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8
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

documented genetics with pea plants

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9
Q

Mendel developed his theory before

A

chromosomes were observed with the microscope

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10
Q

how did Mendel discover the basic principle of heredity

A

breeding pea plant

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11
Q

why did Mendel work with pea plants

A
  1. short generation time
  2. large number of offspring
  3. he could control the mating between plants
  4. distinct flower colour
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12
Q

why was it important Mendel could control mating between plants

A

he could be certain for the parentage

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13
Q

character

A

heritable trait that varies among individuals

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14
Q

example of a character

A

flower colour

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15
Q

trait

A

variant for a character

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16
Q

example of a trait

A

having purple or white flowers

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17
Q

a pea flower has ______ reproductive organs

A

both

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18
Q

male reproduction organ in peas

A

stamen

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19
Q

the stamen produces

A

pollen

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20
Q

female reproductive organ in peas

A

carpel

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21
Q

a pea plant will ______ fertilize

A

self

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22
Q

what is the zygote encased in

A

a seed (pea)

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23
Q

true breeding

A

over many generations of self pollination, plants produce the same variety as the parent

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24
Q

example of true breeding

A

the parent has a purple flower and ALL offspring have purple flowers

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25
Q

hybridization

A

mating or crossing of two true-breeding varieties

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26
Q

P generation

A

true breeding parents

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27
Q

F1 generation

A

the first hybrid offspring

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28
Q

F2 generation

A

second generation

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29
Q

the F2 generation arises from the

A

F1 generation as it self-pollinates

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30
Q

law of segregation

A

Two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

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31
Q

if an organism has identical alleles for a character

A

the allele is present in all gametes

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32
Q

will the offspring look like parents if the organism has identical alleles for character

A

YES

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33
Q

dominant trait

A

always expressed when the allele is dominant

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34
Q

recessive trait

A

only expressed if both alleles are recessive

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35
Q

what happens to a recessive trait if there is only ONE allele

A

will show dominant phenotype

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36
Q

Alternative versions of genes

A

alleles

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37
Q

each parent will have _______ of the traits

A

one

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38
Q

each gene is a

A

sequence of nucleotides at a specific locus

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39
Q

how does an organism inherit two copies of a gene

A

one from each parent

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40
Q

genetic locus is represented ______ in a diploid cell

A

twice

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41
Q

what does it mean if two alleles are at a different locus

A

one is dominant the other is recessive

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42
Q

dominant allele

A

determines the organism’s appearance

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43
Q

recessive allele

A

has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance

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44
Q

punnet square

A

predicts the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals

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45
Q

what must be known for a punnet square

A

the genetic makeup

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46
Q

homozygote

A

organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding a character

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47
Q

a homozygote is said to be _____ for that gene

A

homozygous

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48
Q

phenotype

A

observable traits

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49
Q

heterozygote

A

organism that has different alleles for a gene

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50
Q

a heterozygote is said to be

A

heterozygous

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51
Q

is true breeding homozygous or heterozugous

A

homozygous

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52
Q

phenotype is both

A

physiological traits and appearance

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53
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup

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54
Q

testcross

A

breeding an unknown genotype with a RECESSIVE homozygote

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55
Q

what does a testcross reveal

A

the genotype of the organism

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56
Q

law of independent assortment

A

applies only to genes located on different chromosomes

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57
Q

law of independent assortment can happen on the same chromosome IF

A

the genes are far apart on the chromosome

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58
Q

monohybrid

A

heterozygous for the one particular character being followed in the cross

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59
Q

dihybrid

A

heterozygous for the TWO characters being followed in the cross

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60
Q

genes are packaged into gametes in all possible allele combinations AS LONG AS

A

each gamete has one allele for each gene

61
Q

alleles for one gene segregate into gametes ________ of any other gene

A

independently

62
Q

what is the key phenotypic ratio

A

9:3:3:1

63
Q

event that is certain to occur has a probability of

A

1

64
Q

event that is certain to NOT occur has a probability of

A

0

65
Q

the probability of a current test is _____ by any previous attempts

A

unaffected

66
Q

multiplication rule

A

multiply the probability of ONE event by the probability of the other event

67
Q

each gamete has a ______ chance of carrying the dominant or recessive allele

A

50/50

68
Q

for any heterozygous F2 plant, the dominant allele can come from

A

the egg OR the sperm but NEVER both

69
Q

addition rule

A

add the individual probabilities

70
Q

two ways the inheritance of a character is determined by a single gene DEVIATES from Mendel

A
  1. when a gene has more than two alleles
  2. when a single gene produces multiple phenotypes
71
Q

alleles can show different degrees of ______ and ______ in relation to each other

A

dominance and recessiveness

72
Q

complete dominance

A

the phenotype of heterozygote and the dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

73
Q

incomplete dominance

A

neither allele is completely dominant and results in a hybrid phenotype

74
Q

co-dominance

A

two alleles each affect the phenotype in separate ways and BOTH are shown

75
Q

why is an allele dominant

A

its seen in the phenotype

76
Q

when both a dominant and recessive allele coexist, they

A

do not interact at ALL

77
Q

for any character that observed a dominant/recessive relationship of alleles depends on

A

the level we examine the phenotype

78
Q

Whether alleles appear to be completely dominant, incompletely dominant or codominant depends on the

A

level at which the phenotype is analyzed

79
Q

Dominant alleles are NOT always

A

more frequent than recessive ones

80
Q

ABO blood groups in humans are determined by that person’s

A

two alleles of the blood group gene

81
Q

Three possible alleles for blood

A
  1. IA
  2. IB
    i
82
Q

what do the blood types refer to

A

carbohydrates A and B attached to a cell surface molecule on red blood cells

83
Q

type O blood has _____ carbohydrate

A

neither

84
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Genes can have multiple phenotypic effects

85
Q

A single gene can affect a number of characteristics

A

Pleiotropy

86
Q

Dominant relationships, multiple alleles and pleiotropy all have to do with the

A

effects of a single gene

87
Q

Epistasis

A

One gene affects the phenotype of another

88
Q

The two gene products interact

A

Epistasis

89
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Multiple genes independently affect a single trait

90
Q

The phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

A

Epistasis

91
Q

a gene that determines whether or not a trait will be expressed

A

Epistasis

92
Q

Quantitative characters

A

Characters that vary in population in gradations along a continuum

93
Q

Usually indicates polygenic inheritance

A

quantitative characters

94
Q

The phenotype ratio is broader

A

polygenic inheritance

95
Q

The phenotype for a character depends on

A

enviroment as well as genotype

96
Q

Multifactorial

A

Many factors collectively influence phenotype including genetic and enviromental

97
Q

Refers to an organism in its entirety = all aspects of its physical appearance, internal anatomy, physiology and behaviour

A

phenotype

98
Q

Refers to its alleles for a single genetic locus

A

genotype

99
Q

Humans _____ a convenient subject for genetic research

A

aren’t

100
Q

Pedigree analysis

A

A collection of family history for a trait

101
Q

Assembled into a family tree describing the traits of parents and children across the generations

A

Pedigree analysis

102
Q

More serious when alleles cause disabling or deadly diseases instead of differing heritable traits

A

Pedigree analysis

103
Q

The recessively inherited disorders will ONLY show up

A

homozygous individual

104
Q

carriers

A

Heterozygotes may appear normal, but they can pass along the recessive allele to their offspring

105
Q

Genetic disorders _____ evenly distributed among all groups of people

A

aren’t

106
Q

Inbreeding causes an increase in

A

autosomal recessive conditions

107
Q

Most common lethal genetic disease in Canada

A

cystic fibrosis

108
Q

Normal allele for the gene codes for

A

A membrane protein that functions in the transport of chloride ions between certain cells and extracellular fluid

109
Q

Most common inherited disorder among people of Africa

A

Sickle-cell disease

110
Q

Sickle-cell disease is a ______ disorder

A

recessive

111
Q

At the organismal level of sickle cell

A

Normal allele is incompletely dominant to the sickle-cell allele

112
Q

At the molecular level

A

Two alleles are codominant

113
Q

The hereditary component is polygenic

A

multifactorial disorders

114
Q

_____ has an effect on phenotype

A

lifestyle

115
Q

risk of a genetic disorder can be assessed before

A

a child is conceived

116
Q

Most children with recessive disorders are born to parents with

A

normal phenotypes

117
Q

Amino-centesis

A

Inserting a needle into the uterus and extract about 10 mL of amniotic fluid

118
Q

Chronic Villus Sampling (CVS)

A
  1. Inserts a narrow tube through the cervix into the uterus
  2. Suctions out a tiny sample of tissue from the placenta
119
Q

Imagining techniques

A

Examine a fetus directly for major anatomical abnormalities that might not show up on genetic tests

120
Q

Ultrasound

A

Reflected sound waves are used to produce an image of the fetus

121
Q

Dominant disorders that are lethal diseases are _____ common than recessive alleles with lethal effects

A

less

122
Q

A lethal dominant allele will often cause the

A

death of the individual = allele is not passed on

123
Q

when can alleles for a dominantly inherited disorder be passed on

A

first seen after reproductive age

124
Q

the pollen grain grows a ____

A

pollen tube

125
Q

the pollen tube allows the

A

sperm to travel to the ovary

126
Q

describe the relationship between phenotype and genotype in incomplete dominance

A

genotype and phenotype ratios are the same

127
Q

what is the phenotype/genotype ratio in incomplete dominance of F2 generation

A

1:2:1 = 1 dominant, 2 mixed, 1 recessive

128
Q

genotype of dominant

A

multiplcation rule

129
Q

phenotype of dominant

A

add the phenotypes that show at least one dominant allele

130
Q

phenotype of recessive

A

the same as the genotype

131
Q

why does a dihybrid cross have 16 squares

A

4 traits have a probability of 1/16

132
Q

3 traits have a probability of

A

1/8 (1/2 times 3)

133
Q

alleles close together on the same chromosome will

A

segregate together

134
Q

true breeding are _____

A

homozygous

135
Q

Type O genotype

A

ii

136
Q

Type A genotype

A

IA IA or IA i

137
Q

Type B genotype

A

IB IB or IBi

138
Q

Type AB genotype

A

IA IB

139
Q

antibodies present in O type

A

Anti A and Anti B

140
Q

antibodies present in A type

A

anti B

141
Q

antibodies present in B type

A

Anti A

142
Q

antibodies present in AB

A

NONE

143
Q

Type A blood can receive

A

Type A or O

144
Q

Type B blood can receive

A

type B or O

145
Q

Type O blood can receive

A

type O only

146
Q

Type AB blood can receive

A

all blood types

147
Q

what blood is the universal DONOR

A

O

148
Q

what blood is the universal RECEIVER

A

AB

149
Q

norm of reaction

A

the phenotypic range of a genotype influenced by the environment

Biology 1010 (14 decks)

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