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Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

heredity

A

continuity of biological traits from one generation to the next

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2
Q

heredity results from

A

transmission of herediart units from parent to offspring

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3
Q

variation is due to

A
  1. crossing over
  2. mutations
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4
Q

variation

A

inherited differences among individuals of the same species

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5
Q

genetics

A

study of heredity and heredity variation

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6
Q

DNA

A

type of nucleic acid that is a polymer of 4 different kinds of nucleotides

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7
Q

consist of a single long and highly folded DNA molecules that are coiled along proteins

A

chromosomes

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8
Q

locus

A

specific location on a chromosome that contains a gene

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9
Q

contain genetic information arranged in a linear sequence and coded by genes

A

chromosome

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10
Q

sexual reproduction occurs ONLY in

A

eukaryotes

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11
Q

during the formation of gamates, chromosome number is

A

reduced in half

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12
Q

gametes are

A

haploid

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13
Q

somatic cells are

A

diploid

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14
Q

gametes return to being diploid when

A

two gametes fuse in fertilization

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15
Q

ploidy

A

number of sets of chromosomes

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16
Q

haploid organisms have

A

one set of chromosomes

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17
Q

diploid organisms have

A

two sets of chromosomes

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18
Q

meiosis

A

segregates one copy of each homologous chromosome into each new gamete

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19
Q

meiosis is a specialized type of

A

nuclear division

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20
Q

somatic cells in the human body are produced by

A

mitosis

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21
Q

germ line cells are produced by

A

meiosis

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22
Q

meiosis is restricted to the

A

gonads

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23
Q

the vast majority of cell division in human body are

A

mitotic

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24
Q

human somatic cells have ____ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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25
Q

karyotype

A

ordered display of chromosomes pairs from a cell

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26
Q

the two chromosomes in each pair are

A

homologous chromosomes (homologs)

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27
Q

chromosomes in a homologous pair are the

A

same length, shape and carry the same genes

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28
Q

sex chromosomes

A

determine the sex of an individual

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29
Q

X and Y chromosomes are

A

sex chromosomes

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30
Q

human female phenotype

A

homologous pair of X chromosomes (XX)

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31
Q

human male phenotype

A

have one X and Y chromosome

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32
Q

autosomes

A

remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes

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33
Q

homologous chromosome pairs include

A

one chromosome inherited by each parnet

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34
Q

46 chromosomes in somatic cells are two sets of

A

23; one from each parent

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35
Q

diploid number for humans

A

46

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36
Q

sister chromatids

A

a pair of the SAME parent

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37
Q

non-sister chromatids

A

a pair from DIFFERENT parents (one from each parent)

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38
Q

karyotypes can be used to screen for

A

defective or abnormal chromosome numbers

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39
Q

how are karyotypes prepared

A

isolated somatic cells

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40
Q

genetic link to our parents

A

genes

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41
Q

what is the genetic program language made from

A

DNA

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42
Q

vehicle that transmit genes from one generation to the next

A

gametes

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43
Q

where is DNA mostly packed

A

nucleus

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44
Q

where else can DNA be packed

A

mitochondria or chloroplast

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45
Q

diploid is represented by

A

2n

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46
Q

haploid is represented by

A

n

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47
Q

is the cell still diploid after undergoing DNA synthesis

A

YES

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48
Q

when does the human life cycle begin

A

haploid sperm from father fuses with haploid egg from mother

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49
Q

fertilization

A

union of gamates

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50
Q

results in a fertilized egg known as a zygote

A

fertilization

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51
Q

the zygote is

A

diploid

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52
Q

what generates all the somatic cells in the body

A

mitosis of the zygote

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53
Q

only cells not produced by mitosis

A

gametes

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54
Q

how to gametes develop

A

from germ cells in the gonads

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55
Q

gonads in males

A

testes

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56
Q

gonads in females

A

ovaries

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57
Q

meiosis does what to the number of chromosomes

A

reduces from two to one in the gametes

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58
Q

_______ and _______ maintain a constant number of chromosomes in each species from different generations

A

fertilization and meiosis

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59
Q

what is common to ALL organisms that reproduce sexually

A

alternation of meiosis and fertilization

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60
Q

Is this sexual or asexual reproduction
single individual is the sole parent

A

asexual

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61
Q

Is this sexual or asexual reproduction
two parents give rise to offspring

A

sexual

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62
Q

Is this sexual or asexual reproduction
single parent passes on ALL its genes to the offspring

A

asexual

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63
Q

Is this sexual or asexual reproduction
each parent passes on HALF its genes to offspring

A

sexual

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64
Q

Is this sexual or asexual reproduction
offspring are genetically identical to the parent

A

asexual

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65
Q

Is this sexual or asexual reproduction
offspring are unique from both parents and each other

A

sexual

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66
Q

Is this sexual or asexual reproduction
results in a clone

A

aseuxal

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67
Q

Is this sexual or asexual reproduction
results in genetic variation in offspring

A

sexual

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68
Q

clone

A

genetically identical individual with rare genetic differences from mutations

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69
Q

____ can divide by mitosis depending on the type of life cycle

A

haploid OR diploid

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70
Q

______ can undergo meiosis

A

diploid cells ONLY

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71
Q

In meiosis, the single duplication stage is followed by

A

TWO consecutive cell divisions

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72
Q

what does meiosis result in

A

4 daughter cells with ONE set of chromosomes each

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73
Q

the only animal haploid ccell

A

gametes

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74
Q

what process produces gametes

A

meiosis

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75
Q

do gametes undergo more cell division before fertilization

A

NO

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76
Q

what is formed when gametes fuse

A

diploid zygote

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77
Q

what results in a multicellular organism

A

dividing gametes by mitosis

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78
Q

what show alternation of generations

A

plants and some algae

79
Q

alternation of generations includes

A

both a diploid and haploid multicellular stage

80
Q

what is the diploid organism called in alternation of generations

A

sporophyte

81
Q

what part of alternation of generations makes the haploid spores

A

the sporophyte by meiosis

82
Q

how do the spores grow into the haploid organism in alternation of generations

A

by mitosis

83
Q

what is the haploid organisms known as in alternation of generations

A

gametophyte

84
Q

how do gametophytes make haploid gametes

A

by mitosis

85
Q

what does fertilization of gametes result in for the alternation of generations

A

a diploid sporophyte

86
Q

what is the only diploid stage in most fungi and some protists

A

single-celled zygote

87
Q

is there a multicellular stage in most fungi and some protists

A

NO

88
Q

what does the zygote produce in fungi

A

haploid cells by meiosis

89
Q

how do each haploid cell grow into the organism in fungi

A

by mitosis

90
Q

how do the haploid adults produce gametes in fungi

A

mitosis

91
Q

is the multicellular organism in fungi diploid or haploid

A

haploid

92
Q

meiosis I is also known as

A

reductional division

93
Q

meiosis 2 is also known as

A

equational division

94
Q

what happens to chromosomes in meiosis I

A

homologous chromosomes seperate

95
Q

what separates in meiosis II

A

sister chromatids

96
Q

allele

A

different versions of genes at corresponding loci

97
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
centrosomes begin to seperate

A

prophase 1

98
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
spindle begins to form

A

prophase 1

99
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
nuclear envelope begins to break down

A

prophase 1

100
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
each centrosome pairs with its homologue

A

early prophase 1

101
Q

how are homologous pairs aligned during prophase 1

A

allele by allele

102
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
crossing over occurs

A

early prophase 1

103
Q

crossing over

A

DNA molecules of NON-SISTER chromatids are broken and rejoined to each other

104
Q

x shaped region where crossing over has occurred

A

chiasmata

105
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
microtubules from one pole will attach to the two kinetochores

A

late prophase 1

106
Q

where do the microtubules attach in late prophase 1

A

one at the centromere of each homologue

107
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
pairs of chromosomes are at the metaphase plate

A

metaphase 1

108
Q

how are the chromosomes arranged in metaphase 1

A

one chromosome of each pair facing each pole

109
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
both chromatids of one homologue are attached to kinetochore microtubules

A

metaphase 1

110
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
sister chromatid cohesion along the chromatid arm breaks apart= homologues seperate

A

anaphase 1

111
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
sister chromatid cohesion continues at the centromere

A

anaphase 1

112
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
each half of the cell has a complete haploid set of duplicated chromosomes

A

telophase 1

113
Q

what occurs at the same time as telophase 1

A

cytokinesis

114
Q

what forms during cytokinesis in animals

A

cleavage furrow

115
Q

what forms during cytokinesis in plant cells

A

cell plat forms

116
Q

what does NOT occur between meiosis 1 and 2

A

chromosome duplication

117
Q

chromosomes do what throughout prophase 1

A

condense progressively

118
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
spindle apparatus forms

A

prophase 2

119
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
chromosomes move toward metaphase 2 plate

A

late prophase 2

120
Q

what are the chromosomes made up of during late prophase 2

A

two chromatids associated at the centromeres

121
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
chromosomes are positioned at the metaphase plate

A

metaphase 2

122
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
kinetochores of sister chromatids are attached to microtubules from opposite poles

A

metaphase 2

123
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
breakdown of proteins holding sister chromatids together

A

anaphase 2

124
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
chromatids separate

A

anaphase 2

125
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
move to opposite poles as individual chromosomes

A

anaphase 2

126
Q

what is the result of crossing over in meiosis 1

A

sister chromatids are NOT genetically identical

127
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
nuclei forms

A

telophase 2

128
Q

what meiosis phase does this represent?
the chromosomes begin decondensing

A

telophase 2

129
Q

what is the final product of meiotic division

A

four daughter cells

130
Q

what does each daughter cell have

A

haploid set of chromosomes

131
Q

what has been done to chromosomes after interphase

A

they have been duplicated

132
Q

how are sister chromatids held together after interphase

A

proteins called choesins

133
Q

synaptonemal complex

A

zipper-like structure that holds one homologue tightly to the other

134
Q

what must occur for homologous pairs to remain together as they move to the metaphase 1 plate

A

at least ONE crossing over

135
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid

A

meiosis

136
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
produces cells that are genetically different

A

meiosis

137
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
conserves the number of chromosomes

A

mitosis

138
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
produces cells that are genetically identical

A

mitosis

139
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
occurs in both haploid and diploid cells

A

mitosis

140
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
one division

A

mitosis

141
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
synopsis of homologous chromosomes doesn’t occur

A

mitosis

142
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
two daughter cells

A

mitosis

143
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
enables multicellular plant or animal to arise from a single cell

A

mitosis

144
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
produces cells for growth, repair, asexual reproduction

A

mitosis

145
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
produces gametes in the gametophyte plant

A

mitosis

146
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
occurs ONLY in diploid cells

A

meiosis

147
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
two divisions

A

meiosis

148
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs

A

meiosis

149
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
four daughter cells

A

meiosis

150
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
produces gametes in animals

A

meiosis

151
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
produces spores in sporophyte plant

A

meiosis

152
Q

is this meiosis or mitosis?
introduces genetic variability in gametes and spores

A

meiosis

153
Q

what does DNA replication take place in BOTH meiosis and mitosis

A

interphase

154
Q

3 events unique to meiosis (occur in meiosis 1)

A
  1. synapsis and crossing over
  2. alignment of homologous pairs at metaphase plate
  3. separation of homologues
155
Q

synapsis and crossing over occur in

A

prophase 1

156
Q

synapsis and crossing over

A

duplicated homologues pair up and crossing over occurs

157
Q

does synapsis and crossing over happen in mitosis

A

NO

158
Q

alignment of homologous pairs at the metaphase plate occurs

A

metaphase 1

159
Q

how is the position of chromosomes at the metaphase plate different in meiosis than in mitosis

A

in meiosis = pairs of homologues
in mitosis = individual chromosomes

160
Q

separation of homologues occurs

A

anaphase 1

161
Q

separation of homologues

A

Duplicated chromosomes of each homologous pair move toward opposite poles

162
Q

what happens to sister chromatids during separation of homologues

A

remain attached

163
Q

what happens to sister chromatids in mitosis

A

seperate

164
Q

what is the original source of genetic diveristy

A

mutations

165
Q

mutations

A

changes in organism’s DNA that create different versions of alleles

166
Q

most of the variation between each generation during SEXUAL reproduction

A

behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization

167
Q

Three mechanisms that contribute to the genetic variation from sexual reproduction

A

Independent assortment of chromosomes
Crossing over
Random fertilization

168
Q

Independent assortment of chromosomes

A

random orientation of pairs of homologous chromosomes at metaphase of meiosis 1

169
Q

the orientation of maternal and paternal chromosomes is

A

random

170
Q

the first meiotic division results in

A

each pair of chromosomes sortings its maternal and paternal chromosomes independently of each other

171
Q

The number of possible combinations when chromosomes sort independently is represented by

A

2n

172
Q

crossing over produces

A

recombinant chromosomes

173
Q

recombinant chromosomes

A

Individual chromosomes that carry genes (DNA) from two different parents

174
Q

the chromosomes after crossing over have

A

new combinations of maternal and paternal alleles

175
Q

The different possible arrangements of non-identical sister chromatids during meiosis II increases with the

A

number of genetic types of daughter cells

176
Q

The individuals best suited to the environment leave the

A

most offspring and transmit their genes

177
Q

original source of different alleles

A

mutations

178
Q

When does sexual reproduction seem to be less advantageous than asexual reproduction

A

stabe environment

179
Q

Why is sexual reproduction universal in animals

A

Ability to produce genetic diversity is the common explanation for evolutionary processes

180
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

a theory of inheritance that helps explain genetic variation

181
Q

Darwin could not explain why

A

offspring resemble their parents but are NOT identical

182
Q

gametogenesis

A

process of forming gametes from diploid cells of the germ line

183
Q

types of gametogenesis

A
  1. spermatogenesis
  2. oogenesis
184
Q

spermatogenesis

A

process of forming sperm cells by meiosis

185
Q

spermatogenesis in plants

A

by mitosis

186
Q

where does spermatogenesis happen

A

in specialized organs known as gonads

187
Q

what happens after division in spermatogenesis

A

cells undergo differentiation to become sperm cells

188
Q

Oogenesis

A

process of forming an ovum by meiosis

189
Q

where does Oogenesis happen

A

in specialized gonads known as ovaries

190
Q

in Oogenesis where does most of the cytoplasm go

A

into one large egg

191
Q

polar bodies

A

the three other cells in Oogenesis that do not develop

192
Q

what happens to the meiotic products in spermatogenesis

A

all 4 are developed into gamates

193
Q

who brings the genetic material AND the needed support for the cell

A

ovum

Biology 1010 (14 decks)

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