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Biology 1010 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

characteristic that best distinguishes living things from non living things

A

ability to produce more of their own kind

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2
Q

continuity of life is based on the principle called

A

cell division

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3
Q

role of cell division in prokaryotic cells

A

reproducing because it makes new organisms

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4
Q

role of cell division in multicellular eukaryotes

A

allows each cell to develop from a single cell

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5
Q

important part of the cell cycle

A

cell division

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6
Q

cell cycle

A

the life of a cell from the time its formed to its own division into daughter cells

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7
Q

in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, most cell division involves

A

distribution of identical genetic material (DNA) to two daughter cells

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8
Q

meiosis can only produce

A

sperm and egg

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9
Q

genome

A

all the cell’s DNA (genetic information)

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10
Q

how long is eukaryotic DNA

A

2 meters per cell

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11
Q

before a cell divides

A

All the DNA must be copied

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12
Q

what happens to the copies of DNA before the cell division

A

must be separated so that each daughter cell ends up with a complete genome

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13
Q

the replication and distribution of the DNA is possible by

A

the DNA molecules being packaged into chromosomes

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14
Q

each chromosome has

A

a very long and linear DNA molecule

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15
Q

genes

A

units of information that specifies an organisms inherited traits

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16
Q

DNA molecules carry several hundred to thousand

A

genes

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17
Q

chromatin

A

entire complex of DNA and proteins that is the building material of chromosomes

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18
Q

varies in its degree of condensation during the process of cell division

A

chromatin

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19
Q

somatic cells

A

all body cells EXCEPT the reproductive cells

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20
Q

have 46 chromosomes

A

somatic cells

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21
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells

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22
Q

have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

A

gamets

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23
Q

sperm and eggs are considered

A

gametes

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24
Q

what is a chromosome like when the cell isn’t dividing

A

a long, thin chromatin fibre

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25
Q

after DNA replication what happens to the chromosome as the cell divides

A

they condense and become short and thick

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26
Q

sister chromatids

A

joined copies of the original chromosome

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27
Q

each sister chromatid has a

A

centromere

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28
Q

centromere

A

region made up of repetitive sequences in the chromosomal DNA

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29
Q

where is the centromere attached closer

A

the sister chromatid

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30
Q

what happens to the sister chromatids later in cell division

A

will separate and move into two NEW nuclei

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31
Q

what are the sister chromatids called once seperated

A

individual chromosomes

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32
Q

sister chromatid cohesion

A

initially attached all along their lengths by protein complexes

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33
Q

arm of the chromatid

A

portion along either side of the centromere

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34
Q

mitosis

A

division of the genetic material in the nucleus

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35
Q

mitosis is followed by

A

cytokinesis

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36
Q

meiosis produces

A

gametes

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37
Q

the daughter cells produced in meiosis have

A

half the chromosomes of the parent cells

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38
Q

where does meiosis take placed

A

special cells in the ovaries and testes (gonads)

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39
Q

what does fertilization do in meiosis

A

fuses the two games together and the chromosome number returns to 46

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40
Q

phases of the cell cycle

A
  1. Mitosis (m) phases
  2. Interphase
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41
Q

The M phase includes

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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42
Q

what is the shortest part of the cell cycle

A

M phase

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43
Q

phases in Interphase

A

G1
S phase
G2

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44
Q

G1

A

cell begins to grow

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45
Q

At what time are different cells the most variable in length

A

G1 phase

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46
Q

S phases is also called

A

synthesis

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47
Q

what happens in S phase

A

duplication of chromosomes and cell continues to grow

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48
Q

describe the chromosomes in S phase

A

cannot be seen individually because they are not condensed

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49
Q

G2

A

cell grows more as it prepares to divide

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50
Q

what stage of interphase does the nuclear envelope enclose the nucleus

A

G2

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51
Q

the nucleus contains one or more

A

nucleoli

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52
Q

what stage of interphase do the two centrosomes form

A

G2

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53
Q

function of the centrosomes

A

organize the microtubules of the spindle

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54
Q

what is happening during interphase

A

intense metabolic growth

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55
Q

how does a cell grow

A

by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles

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56
Q

6 phases in mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
  6. cytokinesis
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57
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
chromatin fibres become more tightly coiled and condense into discrete chromosomes

A

prophase

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58
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
nucleoli disappear

A

prophase

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59
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
each duplicated chromosomes appears as sister chromatids joined at their contromeres

A

prophase

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60
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
the mitotic spindle begins to form

A

prophase

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61
Q

what is the mitotic spindle made from

A

microtubules and the centrosomes

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62
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
centrosomes begin to move away from each other by lengthening of the microtubules

A

prophase

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63
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
nuclear envelope fragments

A

prometaphase

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64
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
microtubules can now invade the nuclear area

A

prometaphase

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65
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
chromosomes have become more condensed

A

prometaphase

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66
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
kinetochore has now formed at the centromere of each chromatid

A

prometaphase

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67
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
some microtubules attach to the kinetochores

A

prometaphase

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68
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
the centrosomes are now at opposite ends of the cell

A

metaphase

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69
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
the chromosomes have all arrived at the metaphase plate

A

metaphase

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70
Q

where is the metaphase plate located

A

equidistant from the spindle at both poles

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71
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
each sister chromatid of the chromosome are attached to the kinetochore-microtubule form opposite poles

A

metaphase

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72
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
shortest stage of mitosis

A

anaphase

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73
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
begins with the cohesion proteins cleaved

A

anaphase

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74
Q

what does having the cohesion proteins cleaved do to the sister chromatids

A

allows them to seperate

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75
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
two liberated daughter chromosomes move towards opposites poles

A

anaphase

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76
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
cell elongates as the nokinetochore microtubules length

A

anaphase

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77
Q

what is needed to lengthen the nonkinetochore microtubules

78
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
the two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes

79
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
two daughter nuclei form in the cell

80
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
nuclear envelope arises from the fragments of the parent’s cell

81
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
nucleoli reappears

82
Q

what stage of mitosis does this describe?
chromosomes become less dense

83
Q

what stage is the last stage of mitosis

84
Q

what does the nuclear envelope arise from

A

fragments of the parent’s cell

85
Q

division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

86
Q

what pinches the cell in two during cytokinesis in animals

A

the formation of a cleavage furrow

87
Q

what pinches the cell in two during cytokinesis in plants

A

formation of a cell plate

88
Q

when does cytokinesis begin

A

during anaphase or telophase

89
Q

when does the mitotic spindle begin to form

A

in the cytoplasm during prophase

90
Q

what does the mitotic spindle consist of

A
  1. fibres made from microtubules and proteins
  2. the disassembled elements of the cytoskeleton
91
Q

how does the mitotic spindle elongate

A

incorporating more subunits of the protein tubulin

92
Q

how the does mitotic spindle shorten

A

losing subunits of tubulin

93
Q

in animal cells, the assembly of the mitotic spindle takes place

A

at the centrosome

94
Q

what is used to separate the sister chromatids of each chromosome

95
Q

what are NOT needed for mitosis

A

centrioles

96
Q

where do the two centrosomes stay close during interphase

A

near the nucleus

97
Q

when do the centrosomes move apart

A

during prophase and prometaphase

98
Q

aster

A

radio array of shorten microtubules

99
Q

an aster extends from each

A

centrosome

100
Q

when is the mitotic spindle structure complete

A

when the microtubules of the asters have grown and are in contact with the plasma membrane

101
Q

kinetochore

A

structure made up of proteins that have assembled on a specific section of DNA at each centromere

102
Q

the chromosome’s two kinetochores face

A

in opposite directions

103
Q

acts as a coupling device that allows the motor of the spindle to attach to its cargo

A

kinetochore

104
Q

two types of movements done by the kinetochore

A
  1. The motor proteins on the kinetochores “walk” the chromosomes along the microtubules
  2. Chromosomes can also be reeled in by motor proteins at the spindle poles
105
Q

cytokinesis in animal cells

A

occurs by a process called leave

106
Q

what causes the cleavage furrow to contract

A

actin interacts with the myosin

107
Q

the cleavage furrow deepens until the parent cell _____ and produces ____

A

pinches in two and two seperate cells

108
Q

cytokinesis in plant cells

A

there is no cleavage furrow

109
Q

what happens during telophase in plant cells

A

vesicles made from the golgi move along microtubules to the middle of the cell

110
Q

what is produced instead of a cleavage furrow in plants

A

cell plate

111
Q

what collects inside the cell plate as it grows

A

cell wall materials carried in the vesicles

112
Q

when does the cell plate enlarge

A

as the surrounding membrane fuses with the plasma membrane

113
Q

binary fission

A

the asexual reproduction of single cells eukaryotes

114
Q

what does the prokaryote cell division produce

A

forms two NEW cells

115
Q

describe the bacteria chromosome and DNA

A

single bacterial chromosome that is made from a circular DNA molecule

116
Q

during binary fission, each cell inherit

A

a complete genome

117
Q

who preceded who on Earth

A

prokaryotes proceeded eukaryotes

118
Q

mitosis could have arisen from

A

simpler prokaryotic mechanisms of cell reproduction

119
Q

timing and rate of cell division in different parts of the organism is crucial for

A

normal growth, development and maintenance

120
Q

____ depends on each type of cell

A

frequency of cell division

121
Q

skin cells divide

122
Q

liver cells divide

A

only when needed to

123
Q

never cells divide

A

NOT AT ALL

124
Q

the cell cycle is driven by

A

specific signalling molecules present in the cytoplasm

125
Q

cell cycle control system

A

cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

126
Q

three important checkpoints are found at

A

G1
G2
M phase

127
Q

cell cycle clock

A

The sequential events of the cell cycle are paced by rhythmic fluctuations in the activity of the cell cycle molecules

128
Q

two types of regulatory molecules

A
  1. protein kinase
  2. protein cyclins
129
Q

protein kinases

A

enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them

130
Q

protein kinases are usually present in

A

constant concentration in the growing cell

131
Q

what form are most protein kinases in

A

their inactive form

132
Q

protein cyclins

A

proteins that makes kinases active

133
Q

protein that is named based on its cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell

A

cyclins proteins

134
Q

when does the cyclin rise

A

during S phase and G2 phase

135
Q

when does the cyclin fall

A

during the M phase

136
Q

MPF triggers what

A

the cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint and into M phase

137
Q

MPF works directly and indirectly as a

138
Q

what does MPF do during anaphase

A

helps switch itself off

139
Q

how does MPF switch itself off during anaphase

A

initiating a process that leads to the destruction of its own cyclin

140
Q

mitosis is initiated by

A

cyclins that have accumulated during G2 and associate with cyclin-dependent kinase molecules

141
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

restriction point

142
Q

what seems to be the most important stop/go checkpoint

143
Q

what happens if the G1 checkpoint receives a go signal

A

will complete G1, G2, S and M phases then divide

144
Q

what happens if the G1 checkpoint DOESN’T receive a go signal

A

exits the cycle and switches into a nondividing state

145
Q

the S phase checkpoint

A

stops cell with DNA damage from proceeding in the cell cycle

146
Q

cells fail to divide if

A

essential nutrients is lacking in the culture medium

147
Q

growth factor

A

protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide

148
Q

density dependent inhibition

A

crowded cells stop dividing

149
Q

anchorage dependence

A

to divide, cells must be attached to a substratum

150
Q

cancer cells do not heed what

A

the normal signals that regulate the cell cycle

151
Q

cancer cells do not

A

stop dividing when growth factors are depleted

152
Q

when cancer cells stop dividing, they do so

A

at random points in the cycle

153
Q

if cancer cells have a continuous supply of nutrients

A

divide endlessly

154
Q

tumour

A

mass of abnormal cells within normal tissue from cells evading destruction

155
Q

types of tumours

A
  1. benign
  2. malignant
156
Q

benign tumours

A

abnormal cells that remain at the original site

157
Q

what type of tumour is this?
do not cause serious problems

158
Q

malignant tumour

A

cell whose genetic and cellular changes allows them to spread to new tissue

159
Q

what type of tumour is this?
impairs the function of one or more organs

160
Q

what type of tumour is this?
considered to be transformed cells

161
Q

what type of tumour is this?
said to have cancer

162
Q

with abnormal changes on the cell’s surface, cancer cells

A

lose attachments to the neighbouring cells and can spread throughout the tissues

163
Q

metastasis

A

the spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their orignal site

164
Q

what can a localized tumour be treated with

A

high energy radiation which damages the DNA in cancer

165
Q

side effects of chemotherapy come from

A

the drug’s effect on normal cells that divide often

166
Q

What mitotic phase is this?

A

Prometaphase

167
Q

What mitotic phase is this?

168
Q

What mitotic phase is this?

169
Q

What mitotic phase is this?

170
Q

what mitotic phase is this?

A

Telophase and cytokinesis

171
Q

what happens if a G1 cell fuses with a S phase cell

A

G1 cell is able to enter into S phase

172
Q

what is suggested by G1 cells entering S phase after fusing together

A

that S phase cells contain an activator that pushes G1 cells into S phase

173
Q

what happens if a G2 cell and S phase cell fuse

A

G2 cell is not able to enter S phase

174
Q

what is suggested by G2 cells NOT entering S phase when fused

A
  1. G2 cells do not have the capacity to divide
  2. S phase has a signal that prevents the cell from entering mitosis
175
Q

what happens when a G2 cell fuses with a G2 cell

A

G1 cell will enter S phase while G2 cells will not

176
Q

what is suggested by G1 cells entering S phase while G2 cells don’t

A

G2 cells do not suppress S phase for G1 cells

177
Q

critical spot where signals can regulate the cycle

A

ceckpoints

178
Q

what acts on G2 checkpoints to trigger mitosis

179
Q

when does the cyclin level rise

A

during interphase (G1, S and G2)

180
Q

when does the cyclin level fall

A

mitosis (M phase)

181
Q

when is there enough cyclin to produce molecules of MPF

A

by the G2 checkpoint

182
Q

how does MPF promote mitosis

A

phosphorylation of various proteins and enzymes

183
Q

how will the kinase of Cdk be restored

A

with the new cyclin that accumulates during interphase

184
Q

internal regulation signal

A

messages from kinetochores

185
Q

when will anaphase ONLY begin

A

when all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle

186
Q

external regulation signal

A

growth factors
density-dependent inhibition
anchorage dependence

187
Q

PDGF

A

required for the division of fibroblasts and to heal wounds

188
Q

anchorage dependence

A

to divide, all cells must be attached to the substratum

189
Q

substratum

A

extracellular matrix of a tissue

190
Q

metastasis is dependent on

A

blood being present

Biology 1010 (14 decks)

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