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Biology 1010 > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis converts

A

light energy to the chemical
energy of food

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2
Q

The light reactions convert

A

solar energy to the chemical
energy of A T P and N A D P H

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3
Q

The Calvin cycle uses the

A

the chemical energy of A T P and
N A D P H to reduce CO2
to sugar

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4
Q

photosynthesis nourishes

A

almost the entire living world

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5
Q

autotrophs

A

sustain themselves without eating anything from other organisms

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6
Q

autotrophs are

A

producers

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7
Q

producers

A

produce organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules

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8
Q

most plants are

A

photoautotrophs

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9
Q

photoautotrophs

A

use the energy from sunlight to make organic molecules

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10
Q

what organisms can do photosynthesis

A

plants
algae
protists
prokaryotes

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11
Q

heterotrophs

A

consumers

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12
Q

consumers

A

obtain organic molecules from other organisms

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13
Q

heterotrophs consume _____ directly and _____ indirectly

A

plants and animals

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14
Q

most heterotrophs depend on

A

photoautotrophs for food and O2

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15
Q

how are fossil fuels formed

A

organisms that died hundreds of millions of years ago

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16
Q

fossil fuels represent what

A

stores of solar energy from the past

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17
Q

chloroplasts are similar to the

A

photosynthetic bacteria that they evolved from

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18
Q

photosynthetic enzymes and other molecules are arranged

A

together in thylakoid membranes

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19
Q

why is having all photosynthetic enzymes and molecules together good

A

more efficient chemical reactions of photosynthesis can happen

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20
Q

where are the major locations of photosynthesis

A

leaves

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21
Q

where else can photosynthesis happen

A

anywhere that is green

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22
Q

chloroplasts are found in what type of cells in the leaves

A

mesophyll

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23
Q

how many chloroplasts in a mesophyll cell

A

30 to 40 each

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24
Q

what enters through the stomata

A

CO2

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25
Q

what leaves through the stomata

A

O2

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26
Q

what two gases can diffuse across membranes in and out of chloroplasts

A

CO2 and O2

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27
Q

chloroplasts are surrounded by

A

two envelope membranes

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28
Q

what do the two membranes enclose in chloroplasts

A

a dense interior fluid called the stroma

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29
Q

interior thylakoid membranes form

A

interconnected sacs

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30
Q

where is the pigment chlorophyll found

A

in thylakoid membranes

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31
Q

what makes the leaves green in plants

A

chlorophyll

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32
Q

what are the stacks of thylakoids called

A

grana

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33
Q

Chemical equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

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34
Q

Net consumption of water photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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35
Q

the simplest possible form of the photosynthesis reaction

A

CO2 + H2O → [CH2O] + O2

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36
Q

what do the brackets mean in [CH2O]

A

not an actual sugar but represents the general formula for a carbohydrate

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37
Q

Need 6 repetitions of simplest equation to

A

produce a glucose molecule

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38
Q

The actual product of photosynthesis is a

A

three-carbon sugar that can be used to MAKE glucose

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39
Q

One of first clues to the mechanism of photosynthesis

A

discovery that O2 is given off by plants is derived from H2O and NOT from CO2

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40
Q

Chloroplast splits water into

A

hydrogen and oxygen

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41
Q

Photosynthesis in sulphur bacteria

A

Used hydrogen sulphide rather than water for photosynthesis
CO2 + 2H2S = [CH2O] + H2O + 2S

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42
Q

Oxygen-18 isotope

A

O2 from plants was labelled ONLY with this isotope if water was the source of the tracer

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43
Q

If this isotope was introduced to the plant in the form of CO2

A

it was not in the release of O2

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44
Q

electrons released by splitting water

A

incorporated into sugar

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45
Q

oxygen is released as a

A

by-product

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46
Q

what does CO2 give rise to in the equation

A

Carbon and oxygen in glucose
oxygen in water

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47
Q

what does water give rise to in the equation

A

hydrogen in glucose
hydrogen in water
oxygen

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48
Q

what is reversed in photosynthesis compared to respiration

A

electron flow

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49
Q

what is oxidized in photosynthesis

A

H2O

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50
Q

what is reduced in photosynthesis

A

CO2

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51
Q

photosynthesis is an ______ process

A

endergonic

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52
Q

two stages in photosynthesis

A
  1. light reaction
  2. Calvin reaction
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53
Q

where does light reaction happen

A

thylakoids

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54
Q

what four things does the light reaction do

A
  1. split water
  2. releases oxygen
  3. reduces NADP+ to NADPH
  4. generates ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation
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55
Q

Calvin cycle does what to carbon

A

fixes carbon and incorporates CO2 into organic molecules

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56
Q

what is used to drive the Calvin cycle

A

energy from ATP and NADPH in light reaction

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57
Q

chloroplast thylakoids transform

A

light energy into chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

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58
Q

light is a form of

A

electromagnetic energy or radiation

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59
Q

light travels in

A

waves

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60
Q

wavelength

A

the distance between crests of waves

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61
Q

wavelength determines

A

the type of electromagnetic energy

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62
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

the entire range of electromagnetic energy or radiation

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63
Q

visible light

A

wavelengths that produce colours we can see

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64
Q

light also behaves as discrete particles

A

photons

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65
Q

shorter wavelengths

A

higher energy

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66
Q

wavelength with most energy

A

gamma rays and purple light

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67
Q

longer wavelengths

A

lower energy

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68
Q

wavelength with lowest energy

A

radio waves and red light

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69
Q

pigments

A

molecules that absorb visible light

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70
Q

different pigments

A

absorb different wavelengths

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71
Q

wavelengths that are not absorbed

A

are transmitted

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72
Q

why do leaves appear green

A

chlorophyll is reflected and transmits green light

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73
Q

is green light used IN photosynthesis

A

no, its reflected

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74
Q

absorption spectrum

A

plots a pigment’s light absorption versus its wavelength

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75
Q

absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a

A

violet-blue and red wavelengths are best for photosynthesis

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76
Q

action spectrum

A

profiles the effect of different wavelengths on a process

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77
Q

Englemann experiment

A

the growth of algae in red and purple light was higher in gree light

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78
Q

chlorophyll a

A

main photosynthetic pigment

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79
Q

accessory pigments

A

chlorophyll b
carotenoids

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80
Q

chlorophyll b

A

broadens spectrum used for photosynthesis

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81
Q

carotenoids

A

absorb excess light that can damage chlorophyll and the cell

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82
Q

CH3 is in

A

chlorophyll a

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83
Q

CHO is in

A

chlorophyll b

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84
Q

what happens when a pigment absorbs light

A

it becomes excited but VERY unstable

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85
Q

what has higher energy ground or excited state

A

excited state

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86
Q

how can energy be released in the form of protons of light or heat

A

excited electrons have high energy and fall back to the ground state with lower energy

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87
Q

a solution of isolated chlorophyll will do what when illuminated

A

will fluoresce and give off red light and heat

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88
Q

photosystem

A

consists of a reaction-centre complex that is surrounded by light harvesting complexes

89
Q

light-harvesting complexes transfer

A

the energy of photons to the reaction center

90
Q

what are light-harvesting complexes made from

A

pigments bound to proteins

91
Q

primary electron acceptor

A

in the photosystem, it accepts excited electrons from the reaction centre chlorophylls

92
Q

where is chlorophylls oxidized

A

in the reaction centre

93
Q

what is reduced in a photosystem

A

primary electron acceptor

94
Q

first step of light reactions

A

transfer of an electron from chlorophyll a to primary electron acceptor

95
Q

two types of photosystems in thylakoid membranes

A
  1. photosystem 2 (PS II)
  2. photosystem 1 (PS I)
96
Q

what photosystem functions first

A

PS II

97
Q

what is the reaction centre of PS II called

A

P680

98
Q

why is reaction centre of PS II called P680

A

chlorophyll a is best at absorbing 680 nm wavelengths

99
Q

reaction centre of the PS I

A

P700

100
Q

Why is the reaction centre of PS I called P700

A

absorbs the 700 nm wavelength best

101
Q

Two possible routes for electron flow

A

cyclic and liner

102
Q

linear electron flow involves

A

BOTH photosystems

103
Q

linear electron flow produces

A

ATP and NADPH

104
Q

step 1 in linear electron flow

A

a photon of light is absorbed by PS II and the energy is transferred amongst pigments until it reaches P680

105
Q

step 2 in linear electron flow

A

excited electron is transferred from P680 to the primary electron acceptor
It has generated P680+

106
Q

step 3 in linear electron flow

A

the electrons come from water and the electrons are transferred to P680+ which reduces it back to P680

107
Q

step 4 in linear electron flow

A

the electron falls down an electron transport chain from primary electron acceptor of PS II to the PS I

108
Q

step 5 in linear electron flow

A

the energy released during the fall is used to move protons across the thylakoid membrane which generates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis

109
Q

step 6 in linear electron flow

A

light energy excites the P700 reaction centre in PS I like in PS II
P700 becomes P700+ as it loses an electron
missing electron from P700+ is replaced when it accepts electron passed from PS II

110
Q

step 7 in linear electron flow

A

electron falls from PS I to ferredoxin (Fd)

111
Q

step 8 in linear electron flow

A

electrons are transferred to NADP+ reducing it to NADPH

112
Q

how is NADP+ reduced to NADPH in linear system

A

NADP+ reductase

113
Q

what drives the ATP synthesis

A

generating a proton gradient by the energy released during fall of electron at PS I

114
Q

P680+ is a very strong

A

oxidizing agent

115
Q

what is available to help drive the Calvin cycle

A

high-energy electrons of NADPH

116
Q

NADPH formation removes

A

hydrogen ion from the stroma

117
Q

what is not involved in the cyclic electron flow

A

PS II

118
Q

what direction does the electron flow in the cyclic cycle without PS II

A

back from Fd to PS I

119
Q

what is NOT released in cyclic cycle

A

oxygen

120
Q

what is used in cyclic electron flow

A

only PS I

121
Q

what is produced in cyclic electron flow

A

ATP and NOT NADPH

122
Q

why is it important that the cyclic cycle only produces ATP

A

satisfies the Calvin cycle’s need for more ATP than NADPH

123
Q

what may have evolved first
cyclic electron flow or linear

A

cyclic electron flow

124
Q

what does the cyclic electron flow may do

A

protect the cell from light-induced damage

125
Q

how is chemiosmosis in chloroplast similar to mitochondria

A

both generate ATP by chemiosmosis

126
Q

what differs in chloroplast and mitochondria during chemiosmosis

A

sources of energy

127
Q

mitochondria transfer

A

chemical energy from food to ATP

128
Q

chloroplasts transform

A

light energy into the chemical energy of ATP

129
Q

where does chemiosmosis take place in mitochondria

A

the inner membrane

130
Q

where does chemiosmosis take place in chloroplasts

A

the thylakoid membrane AND the stroma

131
Q

where is there a higher hydrogen concentration (PH) during chemiosmosis

A

inter-membrane space (mitochondria)
thylakoid space (chloroplast)

132
Q

where is there a lower hydrogen concentration (PH) during chemiosmosis

A

mitochondria matrix (mitochondria)
stroma (chloroplast)

133
Q

where does the Calvin cycle take place

A

in the stroma

134
Q

the Calvin cycle regenerates

A

its starting material

135
Q

the Calvin cycle builds new organic molecules that leads to

A

the production of sugar

136
Q

the Calvin cycle uses _____ and the _____ power of electrons carried by ____

A

ATP
reducing
NADPH

137
Q

NADPH is a

A

reducing power that can be passed along the electron acceptor

138
Q

ATP is a

A

versatile energy currency of cells

139
Q

what part of photosynthesis makes NO sugar

A

light reaction

140
Q

white pigment

A

the colour we see is the colour most reflected by the pigment

141
Q

black pigment

A

absorbs all wavelengths

142
Q

when there is high light, where are chloroplasts found in the cell

A

closer to the wall

143
Q

when there is lower light, where are chloroplasts found in the cell

A

closer to the center

144
Q

is photosynthesis going towards equlibrium

A

NO

145
Q

what parts of the light reactions are endergonic

A

reducing NADP+ to NADPH
generates ATP from ADP

146
Q

what is known as the dark reaction

A

Calvin cycle

147
Q

what s known as the photo part of photosynthesis

A

the light reactions

148
Q

what s known as the synthesis part of photosynthesis

A

Calvin cycle

149
Q

where does electrons come from in linear electron flow

A

the splitting of water

150
Q

where does electrons end in linear electron flow

A

the NADP+

151
Q

can the PS I and PS II work interchangeably in linear electron flow

A

NO

152
Q

where does O2 come from
linear or cyclic

A

linear

153
Q

ration of ATP to NAPH in linear

A

1:1

154
Q

how many carbons on there for the phase 1 and 2 of Calvin cycle

A

18

155
Q

phase 1 of Calvin cycle

A

carbon fixation

156
Q

phase 2 of Calvin cycle

A

reduction

157
Q

phase 3 of Calvin cycle

A

regeneration of CO2 acceptor

158
Q

how many CO2 enters per cycle of Calvin cycle

A

1

159
Q

what is total input of CO2 in Calvin cycle

A

3

160
Q

what is the short lived intermediate formed with the addition of CO2 in Calvin cycle

A

its 3 6-carbon sugar that is highly unstable

161
Q

what does the short-lived sugar in Calvin cycle turn into

A

6 3-carbon sugar called 3-phosphoglycerate

162
Q

how much ATP is spent to form 3-phosphoglycerate

A

6 ATP molecules

163
Q

what does 3-phosphoglycerate split into with the ATP

A

6 3-carbon sugars called 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

164
Q

what is used to break down 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate into G3P

A

6 molecules of NADPH

165
Q

what does 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate turn into with the usage of NADPH

A

6 molecules of G3P

166
Q

what is released to have a total of 5 G3P molecules

A

a G3P molecule in the form of a sugar

167
Q

what are the 5 molecules of G3P turned into

A

3 molecules of ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)

168
Q

what must be used to transform G3P into RuBP

A

3 ATP molecules

169
Q

RuBP becomes what with the addition of a CO2 group

A

the short-lived intermediate molecule once again

170
Q

in the Calvin cycle, carbon enters as _____ and leaves as _____

A

CO2 and G3P

171
Q

net synthesis of 1 G3P how many times must the Calvin cycle turn

A

three times to fix three CO2

172
Q

what catalyzes the carbon fixation step of Calvin cycle

A

Rubisco

173
Q

most common enzyme in plants

A

Rubisco

174
Q

what is the molecule that accepts CO2 in the Calvin cycle

A

RuBP

175
Q

what is a problem for plants

A

dehdyration

176
Q

when do plants close their stomata

A

on hot days

177
Q

what does closing the stomata conserve for plants

A

H2O but it also limits photosynthesis

178
Q

why does closing the stomata reduce photosynthesis

A

reduces access to CO2 and causes a build up of O2

179
Q

Photorespiration

A

take up oxygen in the light and give out some carbon dioxide

180
Q

C3 plants

A

initial fixation of CO2 is by Rubisco and makes a 2-carbon compound

181
Q

during photosynthesis of C3 plants

A

Rubisco uses O2 instead of CO2 which produces a two-carbon sugar

182
Q

what does photorespiration use instead of making

A

ATP

183
Q

does photorespiration make a sugar

A

NO

184
Q

when did Rubisco first evolve

A

when the atmosphere had less O2 and more CO2

185
Q

why does Rubisco not exclude O2 in photorespiration

A

evolved in time that it didn’t have to

186
Q

benefit of photorespiration

A

can limit damaging products of light reactions

187
Q

disadvantage of photorespiration

A

can drain almost 50% of the carbon fixed by Calvin cycle

188
Q

C4 plants

A

the Calvin cycle forms a four-carbon sugar as a first product

189
Q

types of cells in C4 plants

A

bundle-sheath cells and mesophyll cells

190
Q

bundle-sheath cells

A

arranged in tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf

191
Q

mesophyll cells

A

more loosely packed between the leaf structure and bundle-sheath cells

192
Q

how do C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration

A

first using CO2 into a 4-carbon compound and THEN increasing CO2 near Rubsico

193
Q

why would C4 plants increase CO2 near Rubisco

A

to increase its carbon-fixing efficiency

194
Q

3 stages of the C4 sugar production

A
  1. the 4-carbon compound is produced by Pep Carboxylase
  2. the 4-carbon compounds are exported to the bundle-sheath cells
  3. CO2 is released from the 4-carbon compound in bundle-sheath cells and enters the Calvin cycle
195
Q

what is the 4-carbon compound called in stage 1 of C4 plant sugar production

A

Oxaloacetate

196
Q

what has a higher affinity for CO2 than Rubisco in C4 plants

A

PEPC (pep carboxylase)

197
Q

Does PEPC have a higher affinity for CO2 than Rubisco in C4 plants even with O2 present

A

YES

198
Q

how does the CO2 released by the 4-carbon compound in C4 plants enter the Calvin cycle

A

through fixation by Rubisco

199
Q

CAM plants

A

Open stomata during the night and close them during the day

200
Q

how do some plants use to fix carbon that is a variation of C4 metabolism

A

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

201
Q

what happens in CAM plants with stomata open at night

A

CO2 is incorporated into 4-carbon organic acids

202
Q

what happens in CAM plants with stomata closed during the day

A

CO2 is released from the organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle

203
Q

when is the CO2 released from the organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle

A

when the CAM stomata’s are closed during the day

204
Q

the C4 photosynthesis process takes place in

A

two separated cells (physically)

205
Q

what takes place in the mesophyll cell of C4 plants

A

organic acid creation

206
Q

what takes place in the bundle-sheath cell in C4 plants

A

Calvin cycle

207
Q

what does the photosynthesis process look like in CAM plants

A

its the SAME cell, not separated, but split into night and day usage

208
Q

what is done at night in CAM plants

A

organic acid formation

209
Q

what is done in the day in CAM plants

A

Calvin cycle

210
Q

where is excess sugar stored as starch

A

roots, tubers, seeds and fruits

211
Q

where does the pigment go in the cyclic electron flow after reaching the primary acceptor

A

to Fd through the Cytochrome complex to Pc

212
Q

what are the enzymes of the first electron transport chain in linear electron flow

A

Pq - cytochrome complex - Pc

213
Q

what are the enzymes of the second electron transport chain in linear electron flow?

A

Fd to NADP+ reductase to the products of NADPH

214
Q

how many linear and cyclic cycles are needed to form a molecule of glucose

A

12 linear cycles for 12 NADPH and 12 ATP
6 cyclic cycles for 6 ATP

215
Q

how many molecules of ATP and NADPH for one molecule of glucose

A

18 ATP and 12 NADPH

216
Q

NADPH is an _____ agent because it _____

A

oxidizing and gives

217
Q

the Calvin cycle is _______

A

cyclic

218
Q

Rubisco has a higher affinity for

A

oxygen

Biology 1010 (14 decks)

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