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Biology 1010 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Most important large molecules found in living things

A
  1. Carbohydrates
    1. Lipids
    2. Proteins
      Nucleic acids
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2
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large biological molecules that show unique emergent properties arising from the arrangement of atoms

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3
Q

3 Key Macromolecules

A
  1. Carbohydrates
    1. Proteins
      Nuclei acids
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4
Q

Polymers

A

long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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5
Q

Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acid are chain-like molecules called

A

polymers

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6
Q

Monomers

A

smaller molecules that are the repeating building blocks of a polymer

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7
Q

Each class of polymer is made of

A

different type of monomer

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8
Q

Enzymes

A

Macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

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9
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule

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10
Q

The reaction connecting the monomers and is repeated whenever a monomer is added to the chain

A

dehydration reaction

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11
Q

hydrolysis

A

Polymers are disassembled to monomers

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12
Q

how does hydrolysis break down polymers

A

The bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule

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13
Q

Dehydration reactions and hydrolysis can also be involved in the formation and breakdown of molecules

A

that are not polymers (lipids)

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14
Q

The inherited differences between close relatives of macromolecules

A

Reflect small variations in polymers

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15
Q

Molecular differences between unrelated individuals

A

Are more extensive than those of close relatives

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16
Q

molecular difference between species

A

even greater than both close relatives and unrelated individuals

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17
Q

The key to the diverse polymers is the

A

arrangement of the units

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18
Q

Molecular structure are function can still be grouped by

A

class despite the diversity

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19
Q

Molecular logic of life

A

Small molecules common to all organisms are ordered into unique macromolecules

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20
Q

Carbohydrates serve as

A

fuel and building material

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21
Q

carbohydrates include

A

sugars and polymers of sugars

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22
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simplest carbohydrates

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23
Q

what reaction is this

A

dehydration reaction

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24
Q

what reaction is this

A

hydrolysis reaction

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25
Q

single sugar

A

monosaccharaides

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26
Q

Disaccharides

A

a. Double bonded sugars

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27
Q

Disaccharides consist of

A

two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

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28
Q

is this a Disaccharides or Monosaccharides or a polysaccharides

A

Disaccharides

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29
Q

is this a Monosaccharides or a Disaccharides or a polysaccharides

A

Monosaccharides

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30
Q

polysaccharides

A

Composed of many sugar building blocks

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31
Q

is this a Monosaccharides or a Disaccharides or a polysaccharides

A

polysaccharides

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32
Q

Monosaccharides Have molecular formulas that are

A

some multiple of the unit CH2O

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33
Q

most common monosaccharide

A

glucose

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34
Q

Glucose structure

A

Has a carbonyl and multiple hydroxyl groups

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35
Q

what 3 things classify a monosaccharide

A
  1. location of the carbonyl group
  2. number of carons in the skeleton
  3. position of hydroxyl group around the skeleton
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36
Q

aldoses

A

sugars with an aldehyde group

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37
Q

ketoses

A

sugars with a ketone group

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38
Q

trioses

A

3 carbon sugars

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39
Q

is this an aldose or ketose

A

Adlose

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40
Q

is this an aldose or ketose

A

ketose

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41
Q

An example of an aldose

A

glucose

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42
Q

an example of a ketose

A

fructose

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43
Q

what is the best way to draw glucose

A

in rings

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44
Q

why is glucose drawn in rings

A

its more stable in aqueous soulutions

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45
Q

glucose is ____ for cells

A

major nutrients

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46
Q

Monosaccharides are both _____ for cells and _____ for larger organic molecules

A

major fuel sources and raw material

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47
Q

Disaccharides are formed by

A

Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

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48
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

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49
Q

what is the most common disaccharide

A

sucrose

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50
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymers of sugar that have storage and structural roles

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51
Q

The structure and function of a polysaccharide are determined by the

A

sugar monomers and the position of the glycosidic linkage

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52
Q

Storage polysaccharides in plants

A

Store starch as granules within cellular structures known as plastids

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53
Q

Synthesizing starch allows the plant to

A

stockpile excess glucose

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54
Q

Sugar can be withdrawn from the carbohydrate “bank” by

A

hydrolysis

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55
Q

storage polysaccharides in animals

A

Store polysaccharide called glycogen

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56
Q

glycogen is like glucose but

A

it’s more branched

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57
Q

by being more branched, glycogen has

A

more free ends available for hydrolysis

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58
Q

glycogen is mainly stored in the

A

liver and muscle cells

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59
Q

the hydrolysis of glycogen releases _____ when the demand for ____ increases

A

glucose and energy

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60
Q

Simplest form of starch is

A

unbranched

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61
Q

Structural Polysaccharides example

A

cellulose

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62
Q

Cellulose is a major component of what plant cells

A

the cell wall

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63
Q

Cellulose is a polymer of

A

glucose

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64
Q

how is cellulose different from starches

A

through its glycosidic linkages

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65
Q

In starch, all glucose monomers are in what configuration

A

the alpha configuration

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66
Q

in cellulose, it’s glucose monomers are in the ____ configuration

A

beta

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67
Q

what does the beta configuration do to the glucose monomer

A

b. Every glucose monomer is “upside” compared to its neighbour

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68
Q

Is this alpha or beta configuration?

A

alpha

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69
Q

Is this alpha or beta configuration?

A

beta

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70
Q

Enzymes that hydrolyze (or digest) α linkages in starch cannot do what

A

digest beta linkages in cellulose

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71
Q

how does cellulose pass through the human digestive tract

A

as insoluble fibre

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72
Q

The differing glycosidic linkage between starch and cellulose

A

Give the two molecules distinct three dimensional shapes

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73
Q

Starch molecules have a shape of

A

spiral shape

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74
Q

cellulose molecules have a shape of

A

straight line

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75
Q

why are cellulose molecules never branched

A

imparting strength to parts of the plant

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76
Q

Enzymes that digest starch can do what

A

only hydrolyze either the alpha or beta linkage based on the different shapes of the molecules

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77
Q

how can some animals digest cellulose

A

they have a symbiotic relationship with microbes that can digest cellulose

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78
Q

structural polysaccharides also do what
(think arthropods)

A

strengths chitin

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79
Q

chitin hardens when

A

proteins are chemically linked to each other

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80
Q

how is chitin found in fungi

A

i. Use this instead of cellulose as the building material for their cell walls

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81
Q

Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that

A

does not form polymers

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82
Q

lipids are not _____ because of their _____

A

macromolecules and size

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83
Q

what one trait do all lipids share

A

they are hdyrophobic

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84
Q

why are lipids hydrophobic

A

their molecular structure and hydrocarbon bonds

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85
Q

Most biologically important lipids

A

a. Fats
b. Phospholipids
c. Steroids

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86
Q

fats are made from

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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87
Q

Glycerol

A

three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl attached
to each carbon

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88
Q

Fatty acids

A

carboxyl group linked to a long
hydrocarbon chain

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89
Q

a fat is also known as

A

triacylglycerol

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90
Q

Ester linkage:

A

Dehydration reaction between a hydroxyl and carboxyl group

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91
Q

how are fats made

A

Three fatty acid molecules are each joined to glycerol by an ester linkage

92
Q

The fatty acids can be ______ or ____ different kinds

A

same or two/three

93
Q

• Fats separate from water because

A

water molecules hydrogen-bond to
each other, but exclude the non-polar fats

94
Q

A major function of fats

A
  1. Energy storage
95
Q

adipose cells

A
  1. Location of long-term food reserves in humans and mammal
96
Q

adipose cells do what as fat is deposited and withdrawn from storage

A

swell and shrink

97
Q

Adipose tissue does what

A
  1. Cushions vital organs (example: kidneys)
    Layer of fat beneath the skin insulates the body
98
Q

• Saturated fatty acids have

A
  1. No double bonds between carbon atoms of a chain
99
Q

in Saturated fatty acid

A

As many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton

100
Q

Most animal fats are

A

saturated

101
Q

Flexibility in saturated fate allows the fat molecules to

A

pack together tightly

102
Q

what fat is Solid at room temp

A

saturated fat

103
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

One or more double bonds with one fewer hydrogen atoms on each double bonded carbon

104
Q

fats that are liquid at room temp

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

105
Q

Fats of plants and fish are

A

Unsaturated fats

106
Q

is this saturated or unsaturated or trans fat?

A

trans

107
Q

is this saturated or unsaturated or trans fat?

A

unsaturated

108
Q

is this saturated or unsaturated or trans fat?

A

saturated

109
Q

fat that is Liquid at room temperature

A

unsaturated fats

110
Q

Hydrogenated vegetable oil

A
  1. Unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
111
Q

Hydrogenated vegetable oil produces

A

saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bond

112
Q

essential fatty acids

A

unsaturated fatty acids are not synthesized in the
human body

113
Q

Phospholipids structure

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate group
are attached to glycerol

114
Q
  1. Cells could not exists without this type of lipid
A

Phospholipids

115
Q

why are Phospholipids so essential

A

they are major part of cell membranes

116
Q
  1. Two ends of the phospholipids show different behaviours toward the water
A

Hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic: excluded from water
The phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head

117
Q

phospholipids in water lead to a

A
  1. Self-assemble into double-layered structures called Bilayers
118
Q

• Steroids

A

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton of four fused rings

119
Q

Cholesterol

A

component in animal cell membranes

120
Q

Most dynamic functions of living things depend on

A

proteins

121
Q

proteins account for ____ if dry mass of the cell

A

50%

122
Q

7 Protein functions

A

Speeding up (catalyzing) chemical reactions
• structural support
• storage
• transport
• cellular communications
• movement
• defence against foreign substances

123
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts

124
Q

catalysts

A

a. Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being used up by the reaction

125
Q

Enzyme can preform function

A

over and over again

126
Q

Enzymatic proteins

A

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

127
Q

Storage proteins

A

Storage of amino acids

128
Q

Hormonal proteins

A

Coordination of an organism’s activities

129
Q

Contractile and motor proteins

A

Movement

130
Q

Defensive proteins

A

Protection against disease

131
Q

Transport proteins

A

Transport of substances

132
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

133
Q

Structural proteins

A

Support

134
Q

All proteins are polymers constructed from

A

the same set of 20
amino acids

135
Q

Peptide bonds

A

Bond between amino acids

136
Q

Polymer of amino acids

A

Polypeptide

137
Q

Amino Acid Monomers

A

An organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group

138
Q

polypeptides are

A

unbranched

139
Q

Amino acids differ in their properties due to

A

differing side
chains, called R groups

140
Q

Amino acids with nonpolar side chains

A

hydrophobic

141
Q

Amino acids with polar side chains

A

hydrophilic

142
Q

Acid amino acids

A

negatively charged from a carboxyl group

143
Q

Basic amino acids

A

positively charged amino acids in side chain

144
Q

Acid and basic amino acids are

A

hydrophilic

145
Q

Amino acids are linked by

A

peptide bonds

146
Q

Peptide Bond

A

two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, by dehydration reaction

147
Q

One end of the amino acid has a free

A

amino group

148
Q

One end of the amino acid has a free

A

carboxyl group

149
Q

the carboxyl group end of an amino acid

A

c terminal

150
Q

the amine group end of an amino acid

A

n terminal

151
Q

Chemical nature of the molecule is determined by the

A

kind and sequence of the side chains

152
Q

Protein function relies on

A

three-dimensional
architecture

153
Q

The what determines a protein’s three-dimensional
structure

A

The sequence of amino acids

154
Q

protein Function depends on ability to

A

recognize and bind to some other molecule

155
Q

Polypeptide and protein are synonyms

A

false

156
Q

4 levels of protein structure

A

a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
Quaternary

157
Q

Primary Structure of protein

A

protein’s sequence of amino acids

158
Q

he precise primary structure of a protein is determined by the

A

inherited genetic information not random linking of amino acids

159
Q

Dictates secondary and tertiary structures

A

primary structures

160
Q

Secondary structure

A

The coils and folds within the polypeptide
chain

161
Q

Typical secondary structures
include

A

coil called an α-helix, and
• folded structure called a
β-pleated sheet

162
Q

The Beta pleated sheet

A

Two or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by side Connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of the backbone

163
Q

a. The alpha helix

A

i. Delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every FOURTH amino acid

164
Q

Tertiary structure

A
  1. The overall shape of a polypeptide from the interactions between side chains of the various amino acids
165
Q

One interaction that contributes to Tertiary structure

A

Hydrophobic interactions

166
Q

Hydrophobic interactions

A

polypeptide folds into its functional shape and the amino acids with hydrophobic side chains are usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein (out of water)

167
Q

Tertiary structure is determined by interactions between

A

R groups

168
Q

Disulphide bridges

A
  1. Covalent bond that form where two cysteine monomers are brought close together by the folding of protein
169
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Proteins consist of two or more polypeptide chains aggregated into one functional macromolecule

170
Q

Sickle-Cell disease

A
  1. Inherited blood disorder caused by the substitution of one amino acid for the normal one at a particular position in the primary structure of hemoglobin
171
Q

Normal red blood cells are

A

: disk-shaped

172
Q

Sickle cell shape

A

sickle shape

173
Q

Example of Quaternary Structure

A

Collagen

174
Q

What determines protein structure

A

primary structure, physical and chemical conditions can
affect structure

175
Q

Folding normally occurs as the protein is being s

A

synthesized in the cell aided by other proteins

176
Q

Denaturation

A

protein unravels and loses its native shape

177
Q

the denatured protein is

A

inactive

178
Q

what cause a protein to denature, or unravel

A

Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other
environmental factors

179
Q

Most proteins go through several intermediate structures before

A

reaching the stable shape

180
Q

Not simple to figure out the exact 3D structure of a protein as

A

a single protein molecule has 1000s of atoms

181
Q

some proteins do not have a 3D structure until they

A

interact with target protein or molecule

182
Q

why is flexibility is important for protein function

A

Might bind with different targets at different time

183
Q

X-Ray Crystallography

A

Used to determine 3D protein sturcture

184
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

185
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) enable

A

living organisms to reproduce complex components from one generation to next

186
Q

DNA provides

A

a. Directions for its own replication
b. Directs RNA synthesis
Through RNA controls protein synthesis

187
Q

genetic material that organisms inherit from parents

A

DNA

188
Q

DNA directs synthesis of -_____ that controls ______

A

mRNA and protein synthesis

189
Q

mRNA conveys

A

genetic instructions for builidng proteins from nucleus to cytoplasm

190
Q

Nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers called

A

POLYNUCELOTIDEDS

191
Q

Each polynucleotide has monomers called a

A

nucleotides

192
Q

nucleotides have 3 parts

A

Nitrogen base
Five carbon sugar (pentose)
One or more phosphate group

193
Q

In a polynucleotide Each monomer has

A

1 phosphate group

194
Q

monomers in nucleic acid without any phosphate group

A

nucleoside

195
Q

Pyrimidine

A

six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

196
Q

Pyrimidine nucleiotides

A

a. Cytosine (C)
b. Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)

197
Q

Purines nucleiotides

A

a. Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)

198
Q

Purines are

A

larger with a six-membered ring fused to a five-member ring

199
Q

U only in

A

RNA

200
Q

T found only in

A

DNA

201
Q

A, G, C are found in

A

both DNA and RNA

202
Q

DNA the sugar is attached

A

to the deoxyribose

203
Q

RNA sugar is attached

A

ribose

204
Q

Linkage of nucleotides into a polynucleotide needs

A

dehydration reaction

205
Q

adjacent nucleotides are joined by

A

phosphodiester linkage

206
Q

phosphodiester linkage

A

a phosphate group that links the sugars of 2 nucleotides

207
Q

Sugar phosphate backbone built from

A

5 prime to 3 prime

208
Q

Bases are attached along the

A

backbone

209
Q

DNA has ___ strands that wind around and form a ____

A

two and double helix

210
Q

A pairs with

A

T

211
Q

G pairs with

A

C

212
Q

Two strands of the double helix are

A

complementary

213
Q

RNA is ____ strands

A

single

214
Q

RNA base pairs allow it

A

the 3D shape for its function

215
Q

what pair is not in RNA

A

t

216
Q

antiparallel

A

two backbones run in the opposite
5prime→ 3prime directions from each
other

217
Q

biologists sought to “decode” genes

A

uncovering their base sequences

218
Q

Bioinformatics

A

computational approaches to deal with the
data resulting from the sequencing of many genomes

219
Q

Genomics

A

analysis of large sets of genes, or
comparisons of whole genomes of different species

220
Q

Proteomics

A

analysis of large sets of proteins, including
their amino acid sequences

221
Q

DNA carries heritable info can document the

A

heredity background of organism

222
Q

Since nucleotides are appendages on the sugar-phosphate backbone, they aren’t what

A

Aren’t involved in the structure of the backbone

223
Q

3 major difference of rna and dna

A
  1. Dna is double while rna is single stranded
  2. DNA has thymine while rna has uracil
  3. DNA has deoxyribose sugar while rna has ribose sugar
224
Q

Hydrogen bond are found where in the dna strand

A

Between two complementary nucleotides

225
Q

Covalent bonds in nucleotides are found

A

Holding the nucleotides to the backbone

226
Q

What is added on the 5’ chain

A

Phosphate group

227
Q

What is added to the 3’ end

A

5 carbone pentose sugar

Biology 1010 (14 decks)

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