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Biology 1010 > Molecular Basis of Inheritance > Flashcards

Molecular Basis of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

____ is the genetic material

A

DNA

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2
Q

_____ work together in DNA replication and repair

A

many proteins

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3
Q

what does a chromosome consist of

A

a DNA molecule packed together with proteins

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4
Q

the molecule of inheritance

A

DNA

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5
Q

what is the most celebrated molecule of our time

A

DNA

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6
Q

what is hereditary information coded by

A

DNA

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7
Q

hereditary information is reproduced in

A

all cells of the body

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8
Q

what does the DNA program direct the development of

A

biochemical, anatomical physicological and behavioral trait s

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9
Q

who introduced the double-helical model of DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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10
Q

when is DNA copied

A

during DNA replication

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11
Q

can cells repair their DNA

A

YES

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12
Q

T H Morgan’s group showed that

A

genes are located on chromosomes

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13
Q

what became candidates for genetic material

A

proteins and DNA

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14
Q

a key factor for determining genetic material was

A

choosing appropriate experimental organisms

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15
Q

how was the role of DNA in heredity first discovered

A

studying bacteria and viruses

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16
Q

can a genetic trait be transferred between different bacterial strains

A

YES

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17
Q

transformation

A

change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA

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18
Q

only____ worked in transforming harmless bacteria into pathogenic bacteria

A

DNA

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19
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that target bacteria

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20
Q

what is a virus

A

DNA that is enclosed by a protective coat

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21
Q

what is the protective coat of a virus mostly made from

A

proteins

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22
Q

can viruses be RNA

A

YES

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23
Q

does a protein enter a phage

A

NO

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24
Q

does DNA enter a phage

A

YES

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25
Q

is Protein or DNA the genetic material of phage T2?

A

DNA

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26
Q

DNA is a polymer of

A

nucelotides

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27
Q

each nucleotide consists of

A
  1. nitrogenous base
  2. sugar
  3. phosphate group
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28
Q

DNA composition _____ from one species to the next

A

varies

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29
Q

what made DNA a more credible candidate for genetic material

A

the evidence of diversity

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30
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A
  1. base composition of DNA varies between species
  2. the number of A and T bases are equal
  3. the number of G and C bases are equal
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31
Q

what led to the understanding of base pairing rules

A

discovery of double helix

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32
Q

what end do you add nucleotides to

A

3’ end

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33
Q

what is located at the 3’ end that allows binding of nucleotides

A

OH

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34
Q

what end contains a phosphate

A

5’ end

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35
Q

what makes up the backbone

A

sugar and phosphate group

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36
Q

what makes up the branches in DNA

A

nitrogenous bases

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37
Q

what was the challenge of the DNA structure

A

how it accounts for role in heredity

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38
Q

what was used to study the molecular structure of DNA

A

Z-ray crystallography

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39
Q

who produced a picture of the DNA molecule

A

Rosalind Franklin

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40
Q

what allowed Watson to deduce the DNA helical structure

A

Franklin’s X-ray crystallographic image

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41
Q

DNA double helix was suggested based on

A

DNA molecule made up of two strands

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42
Q

one full turn of DNA is in

A

10 base pairs

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43
Q

1 nucleotide causes the DNA to turn

A

36 degrees

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44
Q

diameter of double helix

A

2 nm

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45
Q

bases are _____ apart

A

0.34 nm

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46
Q

covalent _________ bonds link

A

sugar-phosphate AND the nucleotides of each strand

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47
Q

hydrogen bonds are between

A

nitrogenous bases

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48
Q

what kind of bond holds the stands together

A

hydrogen bonds

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49
Q

Van de Waals interactions are between

A

stacked bases pairs

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50
Q

Van der Waals interactions help

A

hold the molecule together

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51
Q

where are base pairs located in DNA

A

interior of the molecule

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52
Q

what makes the outer structure of DNA

A

two outer sugar-phosphate backbones

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53
Q

antiparallel

A

subunits run in opposite directions

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54
Q

what did Watson and Crick first think about base pair linkage

A

they would link like to like (A with A)

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55
Q

what happened when base pairs are linked in the like-to-like way

A

did not have a uniform width

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56
Q

how must base pairs link

A

purine with a pyrimidine

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57
Q

why must a purine pair with a pyrimidine

A

makes a uniform width

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58
Q

what happens when two PURINES link

A

width is too large

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59
Q

what happens when two PYRIMIDINES link

A

too narrow

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60
Q

what nucleotides are purines

A

A and G

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61
Q

what nucleotides are pyrimidines

A

T and C

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62
Q

what is smaller, pyrimidines or purines

A

pyrimidines

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63
Q

what is larger, pyrimidines or purines

A

purines

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64
Q

Adenine must pair with

A

thymine

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65
Q

guanine must pair with

A

cytosine

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66
Q

the amount of A equals

A

amount of T

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67
Q

the amount of G equals

A

amount of C

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68
Q

Adenine and thymine pair with a

A

doube bond

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69
Q

Guanine and Cytosine pair with a

A

triple bond

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70
Q

what base pair linkage will have a stronger link

A

guanine and cytosine

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71
Q

where is structure and function of DNA manifested

A

double helix

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72
Q

DNA strands are

A

complementary

73
Q

with DNA strands being complementary, each acts as a

A

template for building a new strand

74
Q

DNA replication has the ______ unwinding

A

parent molecule

75
Q

two daughter strands are built based on

A

base-pairing rules

76
Q

semiconservative model of replication predicts

A

when a double helix replicates, each daughter molecule will have ONE parental strand and ONE newly made strand

77
Q

three alternative models of DNA replication

A
  1. conservation model
  2. semiconservative model
  3. dispersive model
78
Q

conservative model

A

the two parent strand rejoin

79
Q

dispersive model

A

each strand is a mix of old and new strands

80
Q

What model of DNA replication is this?

A

Dispersive

81
Q

What model of DNA replication is this?

A

Conservative

82
Q

What model of DNA replication is this?

A

Semiconservative

83
Q

Does DNA replication follow conservative, semiconservative or dispersive model

A

semiconservative

84
Q

first replication in the experiment produced a bond of hybrid DNA which eliminates

A

conservative model

85
Q

second replication in the experiment produced both a light and hybrid DNA which eliminates

A

dispersive model

86
Q

where does replication begin

A

origins of replication

87
Q

origin of replication is the place where

A

two strands of DNA are separated and open up with a replication bubble

88
Q

at the origin of replication, replication happens

A

in BOTH directions

89
Q

where do the two new daughter strands START to form

A

origins of replication

90
Q

a eukaryotic chromosome has

A

multiple origins of replication

91
Q

what shape of the replication fork

A

Y shaped region

92
Q

where do the new DNA strands elongate

A

replication fork

93
Q

what is at the end of each replication bubble

A

replication fork

94
Q

helicases

A

enzymes that untwist the double helix at replication forks

95
Q

single-strand binding proteins

A

bind to and stabalize single-stranded DNA

96
Q

single-strand binding proteins

A

bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA

97
Q

Topoisomerase

A

corrects “overwinding” (stress) ahead of replication forks

98
Q

how does topoisomerase correct overwinding

A

by breaking, swivelling and rejoining DNA strands

99
Q

what enzyme can we not replicate DNA without

A

topoisomerase

100
Q

a double-stranded DNA has better

A

protection compared to single-stranded

101
Q

primase is needed in _____ but NOT _____

A

DNA and RNA

102
Q

primase allows

A

polymerase to start adding nucelotides

103
Q

can DNA polymerase initiate synthesis of a polynucleotide

A

NO

104
Q

DNA polymerase can only

A

add nucleotides to an existing 3’ end

105
Q

initial nucleotide strand is

A

short RNA primer

106
Q

______ can start an RNA chain and add RNA nucleotides one at a time

A

primase

107
Q

how can primase add RNA nucleotides one at a time

A

using parental DNA as a template

108
Q

what serves as the starting point for the new DNA strand

A

3’ end of short primer

109
Q

DNA polymerase

A

catalyze elongation of new DNA at the replication fork

110
Q

Is RNA polymerase involved in DNA synthesis

A

nO

111
Q

what polymerase catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at replication fork

A

DNA

112
Q

what do most DNA polymerases require

A

primer and DNA template strand

113
Q

elongation is faster in

A

bacteria than human cells

114
Q

what is each nucleotide added to a growing DNA strand

A

nucleoside triphosphate

115
Q

nucleosides are missing the

A

phosphate group

116
Q

dATP differs from ATP by the

A

sugar

117
Q

dATP has a

A

deoxyribose

118
Q

ATP has a

A

ribose sugar

119
Q

dATP

A

supplies adenine to DNA

120
Q

what happens every time a new nucleotide is added to the growing DNA strand

A

loses two phosphate groups

121
Q

what is the molecule known as when a nucleotide loses two phosphate groups

A

pyrophosphate

122
Q

the antiparallel structure of the double helix affects

A

replication

123
Q

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the

A

3’ end

124
Q

a new DNA strand can ONLY elongate in the

A

5’ to 3’ direction

125
Q

Leading strand

A

continuously moving toward the replication fork

126
Q

the leading strand is elongated in the ____ direction

A

5’ to 3’

127
Q

Is C the leading or lagging strand

A

lagging strand

128
Q

Is B a leading or lagging strand

A

Leading strand

129
Q

how must ____ work to elongate lagging strands

A

DNA polymerase AND away from replication fork

130
Q

the ____ strand is made up of Okazaki Fragments

A

lagging

131
Q

the lagging strand is made up of

A

Okazaki Strand

132
Q

how are Okazaki fragments joined

A

DNA ligase

133
Q

what unwinds the parental double helix

A

helicase

134
Q

what strand is synthesised continuously

A

leading strand

135
Q

what do the proteins in DNA replication forming

A

DNA replication machine

136
Q

the DNA replication machine may be ))))) during replication

A

stationary

137
Q

DNA ligase

A

joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand

138
Q

what does DNA ligase do on the leading strand

A

joins 3’ end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand DNA

139
Q

DNA Pol I

A

removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides

140
Q

DNA pol III

A

using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or preexisting DNA strand

141
Q

what proofreads newly made DNA and replaces any incorrect nucelotides

A

DNA polymerase

142
Q

mismatch repair

A

repair enzymes correct errors in base pairing

143
Q

nucleotide excision repair

A

a nuclease cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA

144
Q

is error rate after proofreading zero

A

NO

145
Q

what happens to sequence changes that are permanent

A

passed to next generation

146
Q

what are source of genetic variation

A

mutations

147
Q

natural selection operates upon

A

mutations

148
Q

what creates problems for linear DNA of eukaryotic chromosomes

A

limitations of DNA polymerase

149
Q

does the usual replication machinery provide a way to complete the 5’ end

A

NO

150
Q

what happens with repeated rounds of replication

A

shortening of DNA molecules at the ends

151
Q

is shortening of DNA molecules at the ends a problem for prokaryotes

A

NO, they have round chromosomes

152
Q

the ends of DNA molecules after repeated rounds of replication are

A

uneven

153
Q

what do eukaryotic chromosomal DNA molecules have at their ends

A

telomeres

154
Q

telomeres do what

A

postpone erosion of genes near the ends of chormosomes

155
Q

do telomeres prevent shortening of DNA molecules

A

NO

156
Q

what is connected to aging

A

shortening of telomeres

157
Q

what would happen if germ cells became shorter in every cell cycle

A

genes would be missing from gametes produced

158
Q

what catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells

A

telomerase

159
Q

what can protect cells from cancerous growth

A

telomeres

160
Q

how can telomeres protect cells from cancerous growth

A

limits the number of cell divisions

161
Q

what happens as telomeres shorten

A

there is a loss of cell viability

162
Q

bacterial chromosomes are

A

double-stranded, circular DNA molecules

163
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes are

A

linear DNA molecules

164
Q

do eukaryotic or bacterial chromosomes have LOTS of proteins

A

eukaryotic

165
Q

do eukaryotic or bacterial chromosomes have LITTLE of proteins

A

bacterial

166
Q

where is DNA found in bacterium

A

nuceloid

167
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA and protein

168
Q

where is chromatin found

A

nucleus of eukaryotic cells

169
Q

what undergoes a change in packing during the cell cycle

A

chromatin

170
Q

what is chromatin like in interphase

A

organized into a 10 nm fibre or most is compacted into a 30 nm fibre

171
Q

do interphase chromosomes become entangled

A

NO

172
Q

what is chromatin like in interphase

A

loosely packed

173
Q

what does chromatin do prior to mitosis

A

condenses

174
Q

euchromatin

A

loosely packed chromatin

175
Q

heterochromatin

A

centromeres and telomeres become highly condensed during interphase

176
Q

what does dense packing make difficult

A

to express genetic information coded in these regions

177
Q

what undergo chemical modifications that result in changes in chromatin organization

A

histones

178
Q

histones

A

responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin

Biology 1010 (14 decks)

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