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Biology 1010 > Gene to Protein > Flashcards

Gene to Protein Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genes specify ____

A

proteins

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2
Q

how do genes specify proteins

A

transcription and translation

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3
Q

transcription

A

DNA directed synthesis of RNA

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4
Q

eukaryotic cels modify RNA _____ transcription

A

AFTER

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5
Q

translation

A

RNA directed synthesis of a polypeptide

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6
Q

what can affect protein structure and function

A

mutations of one or a few nucleotides

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7
Q

information content of genes

A

specific nucleotide sequences

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8
Q

DNA inherited by an organism leads to a specific trait by

A

dictating the synthesis of proteins

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9
Q

the link between genotype and phenotype

A

proteins

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10
Q

gene expression

A

process by which DNA directs protein synthesis

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11
Q

two stages in gene expression

A

transcription and translation

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12
Q

how do genes depict phenotype

A

through enzymes

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13
Q

one-gene one-enzyme hypothesis

A

gene dictates production of a specific enzyme

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14
Q

are all proteins enzymes

A

NO

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15
Q

many proteins are composed of ______ polypeptides with ______

A

several AND own gene

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16
Q

what did the one-gene one-enzyme hypothesis become

A

one-gene one-polypeptide

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17
Q

in prokaryotic cells, transcription and translation are

A

not separated

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18
Q

in eukaryotic cells, where is transcription

A

nucleus

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19
Q

where is a translation in eukaryotic cells

A

ribosomes in cytoplasm

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20
Q

how does polymerase add nucleotides

A

pairing with DNA template

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21
Q

nucleotides are added to the ____ end

A

3’

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22
Q

sense strand

A

defined by the promoter

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23
Q

sense strand runs from

A

5’ to 3’

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24
Q

template strand runs

A

3’ to 5’

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25
Q

thetemplate strand is also known as

A

anti-sense strand

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26
Q

transcription produces

A

mRNA

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27
Q

mRNA is a message to

A

produce a protein

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28
Q

site of translation

A

ribosome

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29
Q

why can translation begin before transcription is done in prokaryotes

A

not separated

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30
Q

what separates transcription from translation in eukaryotes

A

nuclear enevlope

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31
Q

how are eukaryotic RNA modified to finished mRNA

A

RNA processing

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32
Q

primary transcript

A

initial RNA transcript from any gene prior to processing

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33
Q

central dogma

A

concept that cells are governed by cellular chain of command

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34
Q

what steps are the central dogma

A

DNA to RNA to PROTEIN

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35
Q

how many nucleotides correspond to an amino acid

A

3 nucleotides per amino acid

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36
Q

triplet code

A

series of nonoverlapping, three nucleotide “words”

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37
Q

the flow of information from gene to protein is based on

A

triplet code

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38
Q

what does the template strand provide

A

a template for ordering the sequences of complementary nucleotides in RNA transcript

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39
Q

codons

A

specifies an amino acid placed at the corresponding position along the polypeptide

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40
Q

codons are read in

A

5’ to 3’

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41
Q

61 of the codons are for

A

amino acids

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42
Q

3 codons are for

A

stop signals

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43
Q

start codon

A

AUG

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44
Q

stop codons

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

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45
Q

genetic code is

A

redundant

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46
Q

redundant

A

more than ONE codon may specify a particular amino acid

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47
Q

the genetic code is not

A

ambiguous

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48
Q

ambiguous

A

no codon specifies more than ONE amino acid

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49
Q

what must codons do to specify polypeptides being produced

A

read in the correct reading frame

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50
Q

reading frame

A

defined by the start codon and the terminating codon

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51
Q

by being redundant, what does the genetic code prevent

A

potential mutations by having no change in amino acid despite change in codon

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52
Q

the genetic code is nearly

A

universal

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53
Q

genes can be what after one species to another

A

transcribed and translated

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54
Q

first step in gene expression

A

transcription

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55
Q

three steps in transcription

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. terminantion
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56
Q

initiation

A

after RNA polymerase binds to the promoter the DNA strand unwinds

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57
Q

what does polymerase do in the initiation

A

initiates RNA synthesis to the start point on the template strand

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58
Q

direction of polymerase in elongation

A

downstream

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59
Q

elongation

A

unwinds the DNA and elongates the RNA transcript 5’ to 3’

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60
Q

termination

A

RNA transcript is released

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61
Q

what stage does the polymerase detach from the DNA

A

termination

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62
Q

RNA synthesis is catalyzed by

A

RNA polymerase

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63
Q

RNA polymerase

A

separates DNA strands and joins together RNA nucelotides

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64
Q

the sequence of the resulting RNA is complementary to

A

the DNA template

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65
Q

RNA polymerase does not need

A

a primer

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66
Q

RNA synthesis follows the same base-pairing rule as

A

DNA

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67
Q

promoter

A

DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches

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68
Q

in bacteria the sequence signalling the end of transcription is

A

terminator

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69
Q

transcription unit

A

stretch of DNA that is transcribed

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70
Q

promoters signal the

A

transcriptional start point

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71
Q

promoters usually extend

A

several dozen nucleotide pairs upstream of the start point

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72
Q

transcription factors

A

mediate binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcripton

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73
Q

transcription-initiation complex

A

assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter

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74
Q

TATA box

A

crucial for forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes

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75
Q

as RNA polymerase moves along DNA it

A

untwists the double helix

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76
Q

a gene can transcribe simultaneously by

A

several RNA polymerases

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77
Q

mechanism of termination are _____ in bacteria and eukaryotes

A

different

78
Q

in bacteria, the termination

A

polymerase stops transcription at the end of terminator

79
Q

in bacteria, the mRNA can be translated

A

without further modification

80
Q

in eukaryotes, termination

A

RNA polymerase II transcribes a polyadenylation signal sequence

81
Q

pre-mRNA signals that it is what cell

A

eukaryotic

82
Q

how do enzymes in the nucleus of eukaryotes modify pre-mRNA

A

RNA processing

83
Q

when does RNA processing take place

A

BEFORE it is released to cyoplasm

84
Q

during RNA processing both ends of the primary transcript

A

are altered

85
Q

primary transcript

A

pre-mRNA

86
Q

5’ end of pre-mRNA receives

A

5’cap of guanine nucleotides

87
Q

the 3’ end of pre-mRNA receives

A

poly-A-tail with adenine nucleotides

88
Q

functions of the alterations of mRNA ends

A
  1. facilitate the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm
  2. protect mRNA from hydrolytic enyzmes
  3. help ribosomes attach to 5’ end
89
Q

where do noncoding stretches of nucleotides lie in eukaryotes

A

between coding regions

90
Q

noncoding regions are called

A

intervening sequences or introns

91
Q

exons

A

regions that are eventually expressed and translated into amino acids

92
Q

RNA splicing

A

removes introns and joins exons

93
Q

RNA splicing creates

A

an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence

94
Q

spliceosomes consist of

A

variety of proteins and several small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

95
Q

spliceosomes recognize

A

splice sites

96
Q

RNA splicing can be carried out by

A

spliceosomes

97
Q

the RNA of spliceosomes does what

A

catalyze the splicing reaction

98
Q

ribozymes

A

catalytic RNA molecules

99
Q

function of ribozymes

A

as enzymes

100
Q

what rendered obsolete the belief that all biological catalysts were proteins

A

ribozymes

101
Q

what three properties of RNA enable it to function as an enzyme

A
  1. RNA can form a 3D structure
  2. some bases in RNA contain functional groups
  3. RNA may hydrogen bond with other nucleic acid
102
Q

why can RNA form a 3D structure

A

its ability to base pair with itself

103
Q

what can some functional groups of RNA do

A

participate in catalysis

104
Q

some _____ contain sequences that may regulate gene expression

A

introns

105
Q

genes can code _______ polypeptide

A

more than one

106
Q

alternative RNA splicing

A

genes encoding more than one polypeptide depending on which segments are treated as exons during splicing

107
Q

the number of proteins an organism can produce is _______ than its number of genes

A

much greater

108
Q

domains

A

proteins often have modular architecture consisting of discrete regions

109
Q

many _____ code for different _____ in a protein

A

exons AND domains

110
Q

exon shuffling may result in

A

the evolution of new proteins

111
Q

translation is a process where genetic information flows from _____ to _____

A

mRNA to protein

112
Q

cell translates mRNA messages into proteins with the help of

A

tRNA

113
Q

tRNA

A

transfer of amino acids to growing polypeptide in a ribosome

114
Q

molecules of tRNA _____ identical

A

aren’t

115
Q

each tRNA molecule carries

A

a specific amino acid on one end

116
Q

each tRNA molecule has an

A

anticodon on the other end

117
Q

anticodon

A

base-pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA

118
Q

what does a tRNA molecule look like

A

a clover

119
Q

why can a tRNA molecule fold into a 3D conformation

A

hydrogen bonds

120
Q

tRNA has a rough ____ 3D shape

A

L

121
Q

what are the two steps needed for accurate translation

A
  1. a correct match between a tRNA and amino acid
  2. correct match between tRNA anticodon and mRNA codon
122
Q

what catalyzes the match between tRNA and amino acid in translation

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

123
Q

what allows some tRNAs to bind to more than one codon

A

flexible pairing at the third base of a codon

124
Q

wobble

A

flexible pairing at the third base of a codon

125
Q

what facilitates specific coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA condons

A

ribosomes

126
Q

what are the two ribosomal units made from

A

proteins and ribosomal RNA

127
Q

how many subunits are on a ribosome

A

two (large and small)

128
Q

are the ribosomes of bacteria and eukaryotes similar

A

YES

129
Q

three binding sites for tRNA in a ribosome

A

P site
A site
E site

130
Q

E site of a ribosome is the

A

exit site

131
Q

p site of a ribosome is the

A

peptidyl-tRNA biding site

132
Q

A site of a ribosome is the

A

aminoacyl-tRNA binding site

133
Q

three stages of translation

A

initiation, elongation, terminantion

134
Q

what do all three stages of translation require

A

protein “factors” that aid in the translation process

135
Q

do some steps in translation require energy

A

YES

136
Q

what does initiation bring together in translation

A

mRNA, tRNA with the first amino acid and two ribosomal subunits

137
Q

what happens to the small ribosomal subunit in initiation during translation

A

binds with mRNA and a special initiator tRNA and moves along the mRNA until reaching the start codon

138
Q

initiation factors in translation

A

proteins that bring in the large subunit that completes the translation initiation complex

139
Q

what completes the translation initiation complex

A

the arrival of a large ribosomal subunit

140
Q

what happens during the elongation of translation

A

amino acids are added one by one to the preceding amino acid

141
Q

where are amino acids added during the elongation of translation

A

at the C terminus of the growing chain

142
Q

what does each addition of amino acids require in translation

A

elongation factors

143
Q

elongation factors occur in three steps

A
  1. codon recognition
  2. peptide bond formation
  3. translocation
144
Q

what direction does translation proceed along the mRNA

A

5’ to 3’

145
Q

what steps are the energy used in translation

A

1st (codon recognition) and 3rd (translocation) steps

146
Q

when does termination occur in translation

A

when a stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome

147
Q

what does the site accept in translation termination

A

release factor

148
Q

release factor causes

A

the addition of WATER molecule instead of an amino acid

149
Q

what releases the polypeptide and causes the translation assembly to come apart

A

the addition of water instead of an amino acid (release factor)

150
Q

is translation sufficient to make a functional protein

A

NO

151
Q

what happens to polypeptide chains after translation

A
  1. modified
  2. targeted to a specific site in the cell
152
Q

what does a polypeptide do during and after synthesis

A

begins to coil and foil into its 3D shape

153
Q

what dictates primary structure

A

gene

154
Q

what does primary structure dictate

A

shape

155
Q

what might be needed for proteins to be fully functional

A

post-translation modifications

156
Q

two populations of ribosomes in cells

A

free and bound ribosomes

157
Q

free ribosomes are in the

A

cytosol

158
Q

bound ribosomes are

A

attached to the ER

159
Q

free ribosomes synthesize

A

proteins that function in the cytosol

160
Q

bound ribosomes make

A

proteins of the endomembrane system and those secreted by the cell

161
Q

ribosomes are _______

A

identical

162
Q

because ribosomes are identical they can do what

A

switch from free to bound ribosomes

163
Q

where does polypeptide synthesis begin

A

in the cytosol

164
Q

synthesis of a polypeptide will finish in the _____ UNLESS a polypeptide signals ribosome to _______

A

cytosol OR attach to ER

165
Q

what are polypeptides destined for ER or secretion marked by

A

signal peptide at amino terminus

166
Q

signal-recognition particle

A

binds to the signal peptide and brings it and its ribosome to the ER

167
Q

polyribosome or polysome

A

multiple ribosomes can translate a single mRNA simultaneously

168
Q

what does forming a polysome enable cells to do

A

make many polypeptides very quickly

169
Q

how do bacteria ensure a streamlined process

A

coupling transcription and translation

170
Q

with bacteria, the newly made protein can

A

quickly diffuse to its site of function

171
Q

with eukaryotes what separates transcription and translation

A

nuclear envelope

172
Q

mutations

A

changes in the genetic material of a cell or virus

173
Q

point mutations

A

changes in just ONE base pair of a gene

174
Q

what mutation can lead to the production of an abnormal protein

A

point mutation

175
Q

a genetic disorder or hereditary disease

A

mutation has effect on the phenotype of the organism

176
Q

two categories of point mutations

A
  1. nucelotide-pair substitutions
  2. one or more nucleotide-pair insertions or deletions
177
Q

nucleotide-pair substitution

A

replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucelotides

178
Q

what are three possible outcomes from a nucleotide-pair substitution

A
  1. silent mutation
  2. missense mutation
  3. nonsense mutation
179
Q

silent mutation

A

no effect on amino acid produced by codon

180
Q

why do silent mutations have no effect on amino acid

A

genetic code redundancy

181
Q

missense mutations

A

still code for an amino acid but not the correct amino acid

182
Q

nonsense mutations

A

change an amino acid codon into a stop codon

183
Q

what does a nonsense mutation lead to

A

nonfunctional protein

184
Q

insertions and deletions are the ______ in a gene

A

additions or losses of nucleotide pairs

185
Q

what mutations have disastrous effects on the protein more often than substitutions

A

insertions and deletions

186
Q

what can insertions or deletions alter

A

the reading frame

187
Q

what can produce a frameshift mutation

A

insertion or deletion

188
Q

when can spontaneous mutations occur

A

during DNA replication, recombination or repair

189
Q

mutagens

A

physical or chemical agents that cause mutations

190
Q

what have we considered a gene as

A
  1. discrete unit of inheritance
  2. specific nucleotide sequence in a chromosome
  3. DNA sequence that codes for specific polypeptide chain

Biology 1010 (14 decks)

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