Evolution, themes of biology, inquiry Flashcards
1
Q
Evolution is a process that
A
changes over time
2
Q
evolution has resulted in
A
a huge array of organisms
3
Q
what is a fundamental principal of biology
A
evolution
4
Q
what are the central activities of biology focused on
A
posing questions about the living world and finding the answers
5
Q
7 Properties of life
A
- Order:
- Energy Processing:
- Evolutionary adaption:
- Responses to the environment:
- Regulation:
- Reproduction:
- Growth and development:
6
Q
Five themes of biology:
A
- Organization
- Information
- Energy and matter
- Interactions
- Evolution
6
Q
Five themes of biology:
A
- Organization
- Information
- Energy and matter
- Interactions
- Evolution
7
Q
Biologists can divide the enormous scale of life on Earth into different levels
is what theme
A
organization
8
Q
Reductionism
A
system that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable.
8
Q
Reductionism
A
system that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable.
9
Q
reductionism is based on
A
zooming in through the levels of the biological hierarchy
10
Q
Reductionism starts at the _______ and _______
A
simplest level and working upward in complexity
11
Q
what provides an incomplete view of life
A
reductionism
12
Q
Emergent properties:
A
characteristics that an entity or organism gains after it becomes part of a bigger system
13
Q
what are emergent properties due to
A
interactions of parts as the complexity increases.
14
Q
what will help the living organism better adapt to their environment. Thus increasing chances of survival.
A
emergent properties
15
Q
how to explore emergent properties
A
complement reductionism with systems biology
16
Q
systems biology
A
exploration of a biological system through analyzing the interactions of its parts.
17
Q
what do the isolated components of a living system lack
A
significant properties that emerge at higher levels of organization
18
Q
what is a drawback of reductionism
A
isolated components of a living system lack a number of significant properties that emerge at higher levels of organization
19
Q
what can be considered a system
A
a leaf to a frog to a desert ecosystem
20
Q
what is the smallest unit of organization that can still preform all activities of life.
A
the cell
21
Q
Cell theory
A
- all living organisms are made of cells
- they are the basic unit of life.
- the actions of organisms are all based on the functioning of cells.
22
Q
All cells share certain characteristics. For example
A
every cell is enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings.
23
two main forms of cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
24
Prokaryotic Cells
Single celled microorganisms
25
what are the two groups of prokaryotic cells
i. Bacteria (bacterium singular )
ii. Archaea (Singular archaeam)
26
Cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles
Prokaryotic Cells
27
cells that tend to be smaller in size
Prokaryotic Cells
28
Eukaryotic Cells
a. Include all other forms of life, like plants and animals
29
Contain membrane-enclosed organelles (various functioning components in cells)
Eukaryotic Cells
30
are all organelles found in all eukaryotes
no
31
example of organelle only found in some eukaryote
chloroplasts is only found in eukaryotic cells that preform photosynthesis
32
cell that tends to be larger in size
Eukaryotic Cells
33
levels of biological organization
1. biosphere
2. ecosystem
3. community
4. population
5. organism
6. organs
7. tissues
8. cells
9. organelles
10. molecules
34
Cells have structures called chromosomes that contain genetic material known as DNA
what theme is this
information
35
Before the cell divides, what happens to DNA
DNA is replicated or copied
36
the two offspring inherits a complete set of chromosomes that are
identical to the parent cell
37
Each chromosome has one
very long strand of DNA molecule
38
genes
each a section of DNA that is part of the chromosome.
39
genetic information encoded by the DNA directs
development
40
molecular structure of DNA accounts for its
ability to store information
41
molecular structure of DNA is made up of
two long chains in a double helix
42
Each chain of DNA is made up of four kinds of chemical building blocks
A, T, C, G)
43
nucleotides
chemical building blocks of DNA
44
Genes are transmitted from parents to offspring and are
units of heredity
45
genes encode information needed to
build all of the molecules made within a cell
46
what allows the establishment of that cell's identity and function
genes
47
Gene Expression
process in which information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product
48
steps in gene expression
1. The nucleotide sequence along a gene is transcribed (made) into RNA
2. RNA is translated into a linked series of protein building blocks known as amino acids
3. now completed amino acid chain form a specific protein with a unique shape and function.
49
When gene expression is done, all forms of life employ
the same genetic code
50
genetic code
A particular sequence of nucleotides that says the same thing in one organism as it does in another
51
Differences in organisms reflects differences in their
nucleotide sequences and NOT their genetic code
52
strong piece of evidence that all life is related.
universality of the genetic code
53
genome
entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
54
Genomics
study of a whole set of genes (or other DNA) in one or more species, rather than a single gene at a time.
55
Proteomics
study of sets of proteins and their properties
56
Proteome is the entire set of proteins expressed
by given cell, tissue or organism
57
Genome sequence
entire sequence of nucleotides for a representative member of a species
58
Three important research developments in genomics it can analyze many biological samples very quickly
1. High-throughput technology:
2. Bioinformatics:
Formation of interdisciplinary teams
59
High-throughput technology:
it can analyze many biological samples very quickly
60
Bioinformatics
se of computational tools to store, organize and analyze the huge volume of data that results from the high-throughput method
61
The use of energy to complete life's activities is a fundamental characteristic of living organisms.
what theme is this
Energy and Matter
62
Examples of work that requires energy
1. Moving
2. Growing
3. Reproducing
Various cellular activities of life
63
Life is possible through the input
of energy
64
main source of energy for life
the sun
65
When chemical energy is used to preform work
some of that energy is lost to the surroundings as heat.
66
Energy flows _____ an ecosystem
through
67
energy usually enters ecosystem as _____ and leaves as ____
light and heat
68
Chemicals are ______ in an ecosystem
recycled
69
is it energy or chemicals that are available to be reused in an ecosystem
chemicals
70
working together, components of the system ensures a smooth integration of all parts
what theme is this
interactions
71
what level of interactions between components that make up living organisms (organs, tissues, cells and molecules) are crucial to their smooth operation.
molecules
72
feedback regulation
The output or product of a process regulates that same process.
73
the most common form of regulation in living systems being the
negative feedback loop
74
negative feedback loop
A loop where responses reduces the initial stimulus
75
is this a negative or positive feedback loop
negative feedback loop
76
Positive feedback loop
product speeds up its own production
77
is this is a negative or positive feedback loop
Positive feedback loop
78
In an ecosystem, every organism interacts with other organisms and it helps regulate
functioning of the ecosystem
79
Interactions can be:
1. Mutually beneficial
2. One species benefits and the other is harmed
Both are harmed
80
what have generated all the oxygen in the atmosphere
Plants and other photosynthetic organisms
81
what causing heat to be trapped near Earth's surface
Burning fossil fuels releases
82
how does global warming and climate change affect organisms
animal species attempting to shift to more suitable habitats before becoming extinct
83
Other factors affecting climates:
1. Wind and precipitation patterns are shifting
Extreme weather is more frequent
84
Evolution has resulted in divers species that have some kind of
unity together
85
Two species would share the same traits because
they descended from the common ancestor
86
Differences between species can be explained by the
heritable changing occurs after the two species divulge from their common ancestor.
87
The first part of a name of a species
genus to which the species belongs
88
second part of a name of organism
species within the genus.
89
The three domains of life
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
Eukarya
90
how are kingdoms distinguished
through their modes of nutrition.
91
Kingdom Plantae
Produce their own sugars and other food through photosynthesis
92
Kingdom Fung
Absorb nutrients from their surroundings
93
Kingdom Animalia
Eating and digesting other organisms
94
Kingdom Protista
Mostly single celled organisms
95
why is kingdom Protista classified into several group
some members are more closely related to the other three kingdoms than this one.
96
most numerous and diverse eukaryotes
kingdom protista
97
: Natural Selection has three main points
1. Individuals in a population vary in traits for which many seem heritable
2. Population can produce far more offspring than can survive to produce their own
3. Species are generally suited to their environments
98
how is unity shown in natural selection
: kinship among species that descended from common ancestors
99
diversity in natural selection
modifications that evolved as species branched from their common ancestors
100
At the heart of science is
inquiry
101
Process of inquiry includes
making observations
b. Forming logical, testable explanations (hypothesis)
And testing these hypotheses'
102
Observations
gathering of information, either with our senses or with the help of tools that can extend our sense
103
Data
recorded observations
104
Data can be numerical measures organized in tables and graphs
quantitative
105
Data can also be (recorded description
qualitative
106
Inductive reasoning
deriving generalizations from a large number of specific observations
107
is this inductive or deductive?
The sun always rises in the east
inductive
108
Deductive reasoning
general premise is used to make a specific reasoning
109
what form does a deductive statement take
"if... than" statement
110
All spiders have eight legs. A tarantula is a spider. Therefore, tarantulas have eight legs
is this inductive or deductive
deductive
111
Scientific inquiry has limits
a scientific hypothesis must be testable
Science only deals with natural, testable explanations for natural phenomena
Science does not deal with religious matters
112
Technology
goal to apply scientific knowledge for a specific purpose
113
Science
understand natural phenomena
114
what is broader than a hypothesis
scientific theory
115
dependent variable
factor being measured that has been predicted to change by the independent variable
116
independent variable
factor being manipulated
117
Experimental variables
both the manipulated factor and the factor that is measured
118
control group
does not receive the new treatment being studied
119
experimental group
the group that receives treatment in an experiment
120
if I was to water three plants with different amounts of water to see how that affects growth, what is the INDEPENDENT variable
amount of water given
121
if I was to water three plants with different amounts of water to see how that affects growth, what is the DEPENDENT variable
the growth of the plants
