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Biology 1010 > Evolution, themes of biology, inquiry > Flashcards

Evolution, themes of biology, inquiry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution is a process that

A

changes over time

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2
Q

evolution has resulted in

A

a huge array of organisms

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3
Q

what is a fundamental principal of biology

A

evolution

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4
Q

what are the central activities of biology focused on

A

posing questions about the living world and finding the answers

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5
Q

7 Properties of life

A
  1. Order:
    1. Energy Processing:
    2. Evolutionary adaption:
    3. Responses to the environment:
    4. Regulation:
    5. Reproduction:
    6. Growth and development:
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6
Q

Five themes of biology:

A
  1. Organization
    1. Information
    2. Energy and matter
    3. Interactions
      1. Evolution
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6
Q

Five themes of biology:

A
  1. Organization
    1. Information
    2. Energy and matter
    3. Interactions
      1. Evolution
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7
Q

Biologists can divide the enormous scale of life on Earth into different levels
is what theme

A

organization

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8
Q

Reductionism

A

system that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable.

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8
Q

Reductionism

A

system that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable.

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9
Q

reductionism is based on

A

zooming in through the levels of the biological hierarchy

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10
Q

Reductionism starts at the _______ and _______

A

simplest level and working upward in complexity

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11
Q

what provides an incomplete view of life

A

reductionism

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12
Q

Emergent properties:

A

characteristics that an entity or organism gains after it becomes part of a bigger system

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13
Q

what are emergent properties due to

A

interactions of parts as the complexity increases.

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14
Q

what will help the living organism better adapt to their environment. Thus increasing chances of survival.

A

emergent properties

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15
Q

how to explore emergent properties

A

complement reductionism with systems biology

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16
Q

systems biology

A

exploration of a biological system through analyzing the interactions of its parts.

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17
Q

what do the isolated components of a living system lack

A

significant properties that emerge at higher levels of organization

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18
Q

what is a drawback of reductionism

A

isolated components of a living system lack a number of significant properties that emerge at higher levels of organization

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19
Q

what can be considered a system

A

a leaf to a frog to a desert ecosystem

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20
Q

what is the smallest unit of organization that can still preform all activities of life.

A

the cell

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21
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. all living organisms are made of cells
  2. they are the basic unit of life.
  3. the actions of organisms are all based on the functioning of cells.
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22
Q

All cells share certain characteristics. For example

A

every cell is enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings.

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23
Q

two main forms of cells

A

Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells

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24
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Single celled microorganisms

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25
Q

what are the two groups of prokaryotic cells

A

i. Bacteria (bacterium singular )
ii. Archaea (Singular archaeam)

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26
Q

Cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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27
Q

cells that tend to be smaller in size

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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28
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

a. Include all other forms of life, like plants and animals

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29
Q

Contain membrane-enclosed organelles (various functioning components in cells)

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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30
Q

are all organelles found in all eukaryotes

A

no

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31
Q

example of organelle only found in some eukaryote

A

chloroplasts is only found in eukaryotic cells that preform photosynthesis

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32
Q

cell that tends to be larger in size

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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33
Q

levels of biological organization

A
  1. biosphere
  2. ecosystem
  3. community
  4. population
  5. organism
  6. organs
  7. tissues
  8. cells
  9. organelles
  10. molecules
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34
Q

Cells have structures called chromosomes that contain genetic material known as DNA
what theme is this

A

information

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35
Q

Before the cell divides, what happens to DNA

A

DNA is replicated or copied

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36
Q

the two offspring inherits a complete set of chromosomes that are

A

identical to the parent cell

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37
Q

Each chromosome has one

A

very long strand of DNA molecule

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38
Q

genes

A

each a section of DNA that is part of the chromosome.

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39
Q

genetic information encoded by the DNA directs

A

development

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40
Q

molecular structure of DNA accounts for its

A

ability to store information

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41
Q

molecular structure of DNA is made up of

A

two long chains in a double helix

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42
Q

Each chain of DNA is made up of four kinds of chemical building blocks

A

A, T, C, G)

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43
Q

nucleotides

A

chemical building blocks of DNA

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44
Q

Genes are transmitted from parents to offspring and are

A

units of heredity

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45
Q

genes encode information needed to

A

build all of the molecules made within a cell

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46
Q

what allows the establishment of that cell’s identity and function

A

genes

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47
Q

Gene Expression

A

process in which information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product

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48
Q

steps in gene expression

A
  1. The nucleotide sequence along a gene is transcribed (made) into RNA
  2. RNA is translated into a linked series of protein building blocks known as amino acids
  3. now completed amino acid chain form a specific protein with a unique shape and function.
49
Q

When gene expression is done, all forms of life employ

A

the same genetic code

50
Q

genetic code

A

A particular sequence of nucleotides that says the same thing in one organism as it does in another

51
Q

Differences in organisms reflects differences in their

A

nucleotide sequences and NOT their genetic code

52
Q

strong piece of evidence that all life is related.

A

universality of the genetic code

53
Q

genome

A

entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

54
Q

Genomics

A

study of a whole set of genes (or other DNA) in one or more species, rather than a single gene at a time.

55
Q

Proteomics

A

study of sets of proteins and their properties

56
Q

Proteome is the entire set of proteins expressed

A

by given cell, tissue or organism

57
Q

Genome sequence

A

entire sequence of nucleotides for a representative member of a species

58
Q

Three important research developments in genomics it can analyze many biological samples very quickly

A
  1. High-throughput technology:
    1. Bioinformatics:
      Formation of interdisciplinary teams
59
Q

High-throughput technology:

A

it can analyze many biological samples very quickly

60
Q

Bioinformatics

A

se of computational tools to store, organize and analyze the huge volume of data that results from the high-throughput method

61
Q

The use of energy to complete life’s activities is a fundamental characteristic of living organisms.

what theme is this

A

Energy and Matter

62
Q

Examples of work that requires energy

A
  1. Moving
    1. Growing
    2. Reproducing
      Various cellular activities of life
63
Q

Life is possible through the input

A

of energy

64
Q

main source of energy for life

A

the sun

65
Q

When chemical energy is used to preform work

A

some of that energy is lost to the surroundings as heat.

66
Q

Energy flows _____ an ecosystem

A

through

67
Q

energy usually enters ecosystem as _____ and leaves as ____

A

light and heat

68
Q

Chemicals are ______ in an ecosystem

A

recycled

69
Q

is it energy or chemicals that are available to be reused in an ecosystem

A

chemicals

70
Q

working together, components of the system ensures a smooth integration of all parts
what theme is this

A

interactions

71
Q

what level of interactions between components that make up living organisms (organs, tissues, cells and molecules) are crucial to their smooth operation.

A

molecules

72
Q

feedback regulation

A

The output or product of a process regulates that same process.

73
Q

the most common form of regulation in living systems being the

A

negative feedback loop

74
Q

negative feedback loop

A

A loop where responses reduces the initial stimulus

75
Q

is this a negative or positive feedback loop

A

negative feedback loop

76
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

product speeds up its own production

77
Q

is this is a negative or positive feedback loop

A

Positive feedback loop

78
Q

In an ecosystem, every organism interacts with other organisms and it helps regulate

A

functioning of the ecosystem

79
Q

Interactions can be:

A
  1. Mutually beneficial
    1. One species benefits and the other is harmed
      Both are harmed
80
Q

what have generated all the oxygen in the atmosphere

A

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms

81
Q

what causing heat to be trapped near Earth’s surface

A

Burning fossil fuels releases

82
Q

how does global warming and climate change affect organisms

A

animal species attempting to shift to more suitable habitats before becoming extinct

83
Q

Other factors affecting climates:

A
  1. Wind and precipitation patterns are shifting
    Extreme weather is more frequent
84
Q

Evolution has resulted in divers species that have some kind of

A

unity together

85
Q

Two species would share the same traits because

A

they descended from the common ancestor

86
Q

Differences between species can be explained by the

A

heritable changing occurs after the two species divulge from their common ancestor.

87
Q

The first part of a name of a species

A

genus to which the species belongs

88
Q

second part of a name of organism

A

species within the genus.

89
Q

The three domains of life

A
  1. Bacteria
    1. Archaea
      Eukarya
90
Q

how are kingdoms distinguished

A

through their modes of nutrition.

91
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A

Produce their own sugars and other food through photosynthesis

92
Q

Kingdom Fung

A

Absorb nutrients from their surroundings

93
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

Eating and digesting other organisms

94
Q

Kingdom Protista

A

Mostly single celled organisms

95
Q

why is kingdom Protista classified into several group

A

some members are more closely related to the other three kingdoms than this one.

96
Q

most numerous and diverse eukaryotes

A

kingdom protista

97
Q

: Natural Selection has three main points

A
  1. Individuals in a population vary in traits for which many seem heritable
  2. Population can produce far more offspring than can survive to produce their own
  3. Species are generally suited to their environments
98
Q

how is unity shown in natural selection

A

: kinship among species that descended from common ancestors

99
Q

diversity in natural selection

A

modifications that evolved as species branched from their common ancestors

100
Q

At the heart of science is

A

inquiry

101
Q

Process of inquiry includes

A

making observations
b. Forming logical, testable explanations (hypothesis)
And testing these hypotheses’

102
Q

Observations

A

gathering of information, either with our senses or with the help of tools that can extend our sense

103
Q

Data

A

recorded observations

104
Q

Data can be numerical measures organized in tables and graphs

A

quantitative

105
Q

Data can also be (recorded description

A

qualitative

106
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

deriving generalizations from a large number of specific observations

107
Q

is this inductive or deductive?
The sun always rises in the east

A

inductive

108
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

general premise is used to make a specific reasoning

109
Q

what form does a deductive statement take

A

“if… than” statement

110
Q

All spiders have eight legs. A tarantula is a spider. Therefore, tarantulas have eight legs
is this inductive or deductive

A

deductive

111
Q

Scientific inquiry has limits

A

a scientific hypothesis must be testable
Science only deals with natural, testable explanations for natural phenomena
Science does not deal with religious matters

112
Q

Technology

A

goal to apply scientific knowledge for a specific purpose

113
Q

Science

A

understand natural phenomena

114
Q

what is broader than a hypothesis

A

scientific theory

115
Q

dependent variable

A

factor being measured that has been predicted to change by the independent variable

116
Q

independent variable

A

factor being manipulated

117
Q

Experimental variables

A

both the manipulated factor and the factor that is measured

118
Q

control group

A

does not receive the new treatment being studied

119
Q

experimental group

A

the group that receives treatment in an experiment

120
Q

if I was to water three plants with different amounts of water to see how that affects growth, what is the INDEPENDENT variable

A

amount of water given

121
Q

if I was to water three plants with different amounts of water to see how that affects growth, what is the DEPENDENT variable

A

the growth of the plants

Biology 1010 (14 decks)

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