Evolution, themes of biology, inquiry Flashcards
Evolution is a process that
changes over time
evolution has resulted in
a huge array of organisms
what is a fundamental principal of biology
evolution
what are the central activities of biology focused on
posing questions about the living world and finding the answers
7 Properties of life
- Order:
- Energy Processing:
- Evolutionary adaption:
- Responses to the environment:
- Regulation:
- Reproduction:
- Growth and development:
Five themes of biology:
- Organization
- Information
- Energy and matter
- Interactions
- Evolution
Five themes of biology:
- Organization
- Information
- Energy and matter
- Interactions
- Evolution
Biologists can divide the enormous scale of life on Earth into different levels
is what theme
organization
Reductionism
system that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable.
Reductionism
system that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable.
reductionism is based on
zooming in through the levels of the biological hierarchy
Reductionism starts at the _______ and _______
simplest level and working upward in complexity
what provides an incomplete view of life
reductionism
Emergent properties:
characteristics that an entity or organism gains after it becomes part of a bigger system
what are emergent properties due to
interactions of parts as the complexity increases.
what will help the living organism better adapt to their environment. Thus increasing chances of survival.
emergent properties
how to explore emergent properties
complement reductionism with systems biology
systems biology
exploration of a biological system through analyzing the interactions of its parts.
what do the isolated components of a living system lack
significant properties that emerge at higher levels of organization
what is a drawback of reductionism
isolated components of a living system lack a number of significant properties that emerge at higher levels of organization
what can be considered a system
a leaf to a frog to a desert ecosystem
what is the smallest unit of organization that can still preform all activities of life.
the cell
Cell theory
- all living organisms are made of cells
- they are the basic unit of life.
- the actions of organisms are all based on the functioning of cells.
All cells share certain characteristics. For example
every cell is enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings.
two main forms of cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Single celled microorganisms
what are the two groups of prokaryotic cells
i. Bacteria (bacterium singular )
ii. Archaea (Singular archaeam)
Cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles
Prokaryotic Cells
cells that tend to be smaller in size
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
a. Include all other forms of life, like plants and animals
Contain membrane-enclosed organelles (various functioning components in cells)
Eukaryotic Cells
are all organelles found in all eukaryotes
no
example of organelle only found in some eukaryote
chloroplasts is only found in eukaryotic cells that preform photosynthesis
cell that tends to be larger in size
Eukaryotic Cells
levels of biological organization
- biosphere
- ecosystem
- community
- population
- organism
- organs
- tissues
- cells
- organelles
- molecules
Cells have structures called chromosomes that contain genetic material known as DNA
what theme is this
information
Before the cell divides, what happens to DNA
DNA is replicated or copied
the two offspring inherits a complete set of chromosomes that are
identical to the parent cell
Each chromosome has one
very long strand of DNA molecule
genes
each a section of DNA that is part of the chromosome.
genetic information encoded by the DNA directs
development
molecular structure of DNA accounts for its
ability to store information
molecular structure of DNA is made up of
two long chains in a double helix
Each chain of DNA is made up of four kinds of chemical building blocks
A, T, C, G)
nucleotides
chemical building blocks of DNA
Genes are transmitted from parents to offspring and are
units of heredity
genes encode information needed to
build all of the molecules made within a cell
what allows the establishment of that cell’s identity and function
genes
Gene Expression
process in which information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product
steps in gene expression
- The nucleotide sequence along a gene is transcribed (made) into RNA
- RNA is translated into a linked series of protein building blocks known as amino acids
- now completed amino acid chain form a specific protein with a unique shape and function.
When gene expression is done, all forms of life employ
the same genetic code
genetic code
A particular sequence of nucleotides that says the same thing in one organism as it does in another
Differences in organisms reflects differences in their
nucleotide sequences and NOT their genetic code
strong piece of evidence that all life is related.
universality of the genetic code
genome
entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
Genomics
study of a whole set of genes (or other DNA) in one or more species, rather than a single gene at a time.
Proteomics
study of sets of proteins and their properties
Proteome is the entire set of proteins expressed
by given cell, tissue or organism
Genome sequence
entire sequence of nucleotides for a representative member of a species
Three important research developments in genomics it can analyze many biological samples very quickly
- High-throughput technology:
- Bioinformatics:
Formation of interdisciplinary teams
- Bioinformatics:
High-throughput technology:
it can analyze many biological samples very quickly
Bioinformatics
se of computational tools to store, organize and analyze the huge volume of data that results from the high-throughput method
The use of energy to complete life’s activities is a fundamental characteristic of living organisms.
what theme is this
Energy and Matter
Examples of work that requires energy
- Moving
- Growing
- Reproducing
Various cellular activities of life
Life is possible through the input
of energy
main source of energy for life
the sun
When chemical energy is used to preform work
some of that energy is lost to the surroundings as heat.
Energy flows _____ an ecosystem
through
energy usually enters ecosystem as _____ and leaves as ____
light and heat
Chemicals are ______ in an ecosystem
recycled
is it energy or chemicals that are available to be reused in an ecosystem
chemicals
working together, components of the system ensures a smooth integration of all parts
what theme is this
interactions
what level of interactions between components that make up living organisms (organs, tissues, cells and molecules) are crucial to their smooth operation.
molecules
feedback regulation
The output or product of a process regulates that same process.
the most common form of regulation in living systems being the
negative feedback loop
negative feedback loop
A loop where responses reduces the initial stimulus
is this a negative or positive feedback loop
negative feedback loop
Positive feedback loop
product speeds up its own production
is this is a negative or positive feedback loop
Positive feedback loop
In an ecosystem, every organism interacts with other organisms and it helps regulate
functioning of the ecosystem
Interactions can be:
- Mutually beneficial
- One species benefits and the other is harmed
Both are harmed
- One species benefits and the other is harmed
what have generated all the oxygen in the atmosphere
Plants and other photosynthetic organisms
what causing heat to be trapped near Earth’s surface
Burning fossil fuels releases
how does global warming and climate change affect organisms
animal species attempting to shift to more suitable habitats before becoming extinct
Other factors affecting climates:
- Wind and precipitation patterns are shifting
Extreme weather is more frequent
Evolution has resulted in divers species that have some kind of
unity together
Two species would share the same traits because
they descended from the common ancestor
Differences between species can be explained by the
heritable changing occurs after the two species divulge from their common ancestor.
The first part of a name of a species
genus to which the species belongs
second part of a name of organism
species within the genus.
The three domains of life
- Bacteria
- Archaea
Eukarya
- Archaea
how are kingdoms distinguished
through their modes of nutrition.
Kingdom Plantae
Produce their own sugars and other food through photosynthesis
Kingdom Fung
Absorb nutrients from their surroundings
Kingdom Animalia
Eating and digesting other organisms
Kingdom Protista
Mostly single celled organisms
why is kingdom Protista classified into several group
some members are more closely related to the other three kingdoms than this one.
most numerous and diverse eukaryotes
kingdom protista
: Natural Selection has three main points
- Individuals in a population vary in traits for which many seem heritable
- Population can produce far more offspring than can survive to produce their own
- Species are generally suited to their environments
how is unity shown in natural selection
: kinship among species that descended from common ancestors
diversity in natural selection
modifications that evolved as species branched from their common ancestors
At the heart of science is
inquiry
Process of inquiry includes
making observations
b. Forming logical, testable explanations (hypothesis)
And testing these hypotheses’
Observations
gathering of information, either with our senses or with the help of tools that can extend our sense
Data
recorded observations
Data can be numerical measures organized in tables and graphs
quantitative
Data can also be (recorded description
qualitative
Inductive reasoning
deriving generalizations from a large number of specific observations
is this inductive or deductive?
The sun always rises in the east
inductive
Deductive reasoning
general premise is used to make a specific reasoning
what form does a deductive statement take
“if… than” statement
All spiders have eight legs. A tarantula is a spider. Therefore, tarantulas have eight legs
is this inductive or deductive
deductive
Scientific inquiry has limits
a scientific hypothesis must be testable
Science only deals with natural, testable explanations for natural phenomena
Science does not deal with religious matters
Technology
goal to apply scientific knowledge for a specific purpose
Science
understand natural phenomena
what is broader than a hypothesis
scientific theory
dependent variable
factor being measured that has been predicted to change by the independent variable
independent variable
factor being manipulated
Experimental variables
both the manipulated factor and the factor that is measured
control group
does not receive the new treatment being studied
experimental group
the group that receives treatment in an experiment
if I was to water three plants with different amounts of water to see how that affects growth, what is the INDEPENDENT variable
amount of water given
if I was to water three plants with different amounts of water to see how that affects growth, what is the DEPENDENT variable
the growth of the plants
