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Biology 1010 > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

where is energy stored in molecules?

A

their bonds

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2
Q

what kind of molecule will have more energy

A

complex one with more bonds

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3
Q

what is the key molecule for cellular respiration

A

O2

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4
Q

cellular respiration is a ______ reaction

A

exergonic

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5
Q

cellular respiration is

A

catabolic

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6
Q

what has less energy in cellular respiration

A

products

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7
Q

what determines if a reaction is endergonic or exergonic

A

the delta G

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8
Q

what allows the capture of energy to be greater

A

if the process is split into steps

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9
Q

catabolic pathways yield

A

energy by oxidizing organic fuels

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10
Q

glycolysis harvests

A

chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pryvuate

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11
Q

what happens to pyruvate after it is oxidized

A

the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules

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12
Q

what happens during oxidative phosphorylation

A

chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis

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13
Q

fermentation and anaerobic respiration enbales

A

cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen

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14
Q

glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect

A

to many other metabolic pathways

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15
Q

_______ requires transfusion of energy from ______ sources

A

living cells and ouutside

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16
Q

energy flows into an ecosystem in the form of ____ and leaves as ____

A

sunlight and heat

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17
Q

photosynthesis generates

A

organic molecules and O2

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18
Q

cells use ______ energy stored in organic molecules to generate ATP

A

chemical

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19
Q

what powers cellular work

A

ATO

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20
Q

what types of work does phosphate-group transfer do

A
  1. transport work
  2. mechanical work
  3. chemical work
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21
Q

how does Cellular Respiration release stored energy

A

by breaking down complex organic molecules to simpler products

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22
Q

rearranging chemical bonds to ______ energy involves _____

A

release and electron transfer

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23
Q

_______ of organic molecules is

A

breakdown and exergonic

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24
Q

aerobic respiration

A

consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

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25
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

consumes compounds other than Oxygen

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26
Q

fermentation

A

partial degradation of sugars that occurs WITHOUT oxygen

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27
Q

the term cellular respiration refers to what

A

both aerobic AND anaerobic respiration

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28
Q

what is cellular respiration usually traced with

A

sugar as glucose

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29
Q

what energy is used to synthesize ATP

A

the release of energy from the transfer of electrons during chemical reactions

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30
Q

redox reaction

A

chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

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31
Q

oxidation

A

substance LOSES electrons

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32
Q

a substance that LOSES electrons becomes

A

oxidized

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33
Q

reduction

A

a substance that gains electrons

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34
Q

a substance that GAINS electrons is

A

reduced

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35
Q

what is the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway

A

exergonic process

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36
Q

oxidation is the ______ or _____ of electrons

A

partial or complete LOSS

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37
Q

reduction is the _____ or ______ of electrons

A

partial or complete GAIN

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38
Q

electron transfer requires BOTH

A

a doner and acceptor

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39
Q

what must happen for a reaction to be a redox reaction

A

one atom must be REDUCED and another must be OXIDIZED

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40
Q

what acts as a recuing agent

A

substance being oxidized

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41
Q

what acts as an oxidizing agent

A

substance being reduced

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42
Q

electron donor

A

reducing agent

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43
Q

electron acceptor

A

oxidizing agent

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44
Q

what happens to the fuel in Cellular Respiration

A

it is oxidized

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45
Q

what is reduced in Cellular Respiration

A

oxygen

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46
Q

what are electrons from organic compounds usually FIRST transferred to

A

NAD+

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47
Q

an electron shuttle

A

NAD+

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48
Q

NAD+ is an _______ and functions as an ______ during cellular respiration

A

electron acceptor and oxidizing agent

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49
Q

Each NADH contains

A

stored energy that is used for ATP synthesis

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50
Q

what is the enzyme that reduces and oxidizes NADPH

A

Dehydrogenase

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51
Q

where does NADPH pass the high-energy electrons

A

to the ETC

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52
Q

what is the last and strongest agent of the ETC

A

Oxygen

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53
Q

what is the energy released during the ETC steps used as

A

to generate ATP

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54
Q

NAD+ is mainly associated with

A

keeping molecules young

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55
Q

what does an increase in NAD in the body do

A

reversal of the sings of age

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56
Q

what happens in an uncontrolled reaction

A

energy would be released at once as light and heat

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57
Q

what does the ETC ensure about the release of energy

A

it is controlled by passing electrons down a series of steps

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58
Q

the ETC converts

A

chemical energy extracted from food to a form that can be used to make ATP

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59
Q

where is the ETC found

A

bound into the inner mitochondrial membrane

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60
Q

what do the increased amount of protrusions of the inner membrane allow

A

increase of surface area

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61
Q

what are the reduced coenzymes that give the ETC the energy-rich electrons

A

NADH and FADH2`

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62
Q

where does the ETC pass the electrons to

A

down the chain until they reach oxygen

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63
Q

how does the oxygen at the end of the ETC make water

A

by the electrons passed down with a hydrogen

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64
Q

what happens as the electrons shift toward the more electronegative atom

A

they lose potential energy and release energy

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65
Q

3 steps in the harvesting of energy from glucose

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylyation
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66
Q

breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

A

glycolysis

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67
Q

completes breakdown of glucose

A

citric acid ccycle

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68
Q

accounts for most of ATP synthesis

A

oxidative phosporylation

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69
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

the cytosol

70
Q

glycolysis is a

A

catabolic reaction

71
Q

glycolysis is the _____ oxidation of glucose

A

partial

72
Q

what does glycolysis convert

A

6 carbon chain of glucose into 2 3-carbon pyruvates

73
Q

the kerb cycle is a

A

catabolic pathway

74
Q

where does the kreb cycle happen

A

in the mitochondiral matrix

75
Q

how does the Kreb cycle complete the breakdown of glucose

A

breaking down a pyruvate (Acetyl CoA) into CO2

76
Q

what two phases use substrate-level phosphorylation to release ATP

A

Glycolysis and Kreb Cycle

77
Q

what does glycolysis and Kreb cycle produce

A
  1. small amount of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation
  2. NADH
  3. FADH2
78
Q

where is the ETC located

A

inner membrane of the mitochondrion

79
Q

what does ETC couple

A

the exergonic slide of electrons TO the ATP synthesis or oxidative phosphorylation

80
Q

what produces 90% of ATP

A

ETC and oxidative phosphorylation

81
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation powered by

A

redox reactions

82
Q

how much ATP do cells make from ONE glucose

A

32 ATP

83
Q

during glycolysis, what is each glucose broken down into

A

2 molecules of pyruvate

84
Q

what does the pyruvate cross to enter the matrix

A

the double membrane of the mitochondrion

85
Q

where is the pyruvate decomposed to carbon dioxide

A

Kreb cycle

86
Q

the ETC converts ______ to a form that can be used to _____

A

chemical energy and oxidative phosphorylation

87
Q

two steps of glycolysis

A
  1. energy investment phase
  2. energy payoff phase
88
Q

energy investment phase

A

2 ATP is used to excite the electrons

89
Q

payoff phase

A

4 ATP is formed

90
Q

Total atoms produced in glycolysis

A
  1. 2 molecules of ATP
  2. 2 molecules of NADPH
  3. 3 Protons
91
Q

where is most of the chemical energy residing

A

in the two pyruvate molecules produced by glycolysis

92
Q

what happens to pyruvate if oxygen is present

A

enters the mitochondrion and it becomes completely oxidized by a series of reactions

93
Q

pyruvate oxidation links

A

glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

94
Q

what 3 reactions are involved in pyruvate oxidation

A
  1. one carbon is released as CO2
  2. the remaining 2-C molecule is oxidized to acetate AND NAD+ is reduced
  3. acetate is linked to coenzyme A to form Acetyl-CoA
95
Q

what enters the Kreb cycle

A

Acetyl CoA

96
Q

how many carbons enter the Kreb cycle

A

2 carbon not 3

97
Q

why is there only 2 carbons entering the Kreb Cycle

A

one is lost as CO2 when Acetyl Coa is formed

98
Q

what completes the break down of pyruvate to CO2

A

the entrance of Acetyl-CoA to the Kreb cycle

99
Q

what is generated by ONE turn of the Kreb cycle

A

1 ATP
3 NADPH
1 FADH2

100
Q

how does the 2-C acetyl group with the Acetyl CoA enter the Kreb cycle

A

being combined with 4-C oxaloacetate to form citrate (6-c)

101
Q

why is the kreb cycle a cycle

A

the decomposition of citrate back to oxalocetate

102
Q

________ carries high energy electrons to the ETC

A

NADH and FADH2

103
Q

what do both NADH and FADH2 do

A

donate electrons to the ETC which powers ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation

104
Q

where EXACTLY is the ETC located

A

the cristae

105
Q

electrons give up _______ as the move through the chain until they reach _____ and form ____

A

free energy and oxygen and water

106
Q

what has higher energy NADPH or FADH2

A

NADPH

107
Q

cytochromes

A

electron carriers that accept electrons and pass them down to Oxygen

108
Q

does the ETC generate ATP

A

NO

109
Q

what IS the energy released during the ETC used for

A

pump hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

110
Q

how does hydrogen flow down its concentration gradient

A

flows back across the inner membrane through ATP synthase

111
Q

ATP synthases uses the _________ to drive phosphorylation of ____ to form ___

A

exergonic flow of H+ and ADP and ATP

112
Q

chemiosmosis

A

the use of energy in H+ gradient to drive cellular work

113
Q

Chemiosmosis couples the

A

ETC to ATP synthesis

114
Q

ETC is a _____ reaction

A

downhill

115
Q

what does the energy stored in the H+ gradient couple

A

the redox reactions of ETC to the ATP synthesis

116
Q

what is the H+ gradient referred to

A

the proton-motive force

117
Q

what is the sequence that most energy flows in Cellular Respiration

A

glucose -> NADH or FADH2 -> ETC -> proton-motive force or proton [ ] -> ATP

118
Q

how much energy in glucose molecule is transferred to ATP by cellular respiration

A

34% = 30 to 32 ATP

119
Q

how much ATP does Glycolysis produce

A

2 ATP

120
Q

how much NADPH does Glycolysis produce

A

2 NADPH

121
Q

how much NADPH does Pyruvate oxidation produce

A

2 NADPH

122
Q

how much ATP does Kreb cycle produce

A

2 ATP

123
Q

how much NADPH does Kreb Cycle produce

A

6 NADH and 2 FADH2

124
Q

how much ATP does Oxidative phosphorylation produce

A

26 or 28 ATP

125
Q

what does most cellular respiration need to make ATP

A

oxygen

126
Q

what happens to the ECT if there is no oxygen

A

It will stop working

127
Q

what happens to glycolysis in the absence of Oxygen

A

couples with fermentation to produce ATP

128
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

uses an ECT with a final electron acceptor other than oxygen

129
Q

Fermentation

A

enables glycolysis to continue making ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation in the absence of oxidative phosphorylation

130
Q

what does fermentation regenerate

A

NAD+

131
Q

two types of fermentation

A
  1. alcohol fermentation
  2. lactic acid fermentation
132
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps
1. releasing CO2
2. regenerating NAD+

133
Q

examples of alcohol fermentation

A

yeast used in brewing, winemaking and baking

134
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate is reduced by NADH which yields NAD+ and forms lactate as an end produce

135
Q

does lactic acid fermentation release CO2

A

NO

136
Q

what is made by some bacteria and fungi with lactic acid fermentation

A

cheese and yogurt

137
Q

how do human cells use the lactic acid fermentation

A

generate ATP when O2 i scarce

138
Q

Fermentation, Anaerobic and Aerobic respiration ALL use

A

glycolysis to oxidize glycose and harvest chemical energy from food

139
Q

what is NAD+ in Fermentation, Anaerobic and Aerobic respiration

A

the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons

140
Q

Fermentation, Anaerobic and Aerobic respiration all have DIFFERENt

A

Final electron acceptos

141
Q

Cellular respiration produces ____ ATP per glucose

A

32

142
Q

fermentation produces _____ ATP per glucose

A

2

143
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration

144
Q

CANNOT survive in presence of oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

145
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration

146
Q

yeast is an example of

A

faculative anaerobes

147
Q

what do pyruvates act as in facultative anaerobes

A

a fork in the metabolic pathway with two alternative catabolic routes

148
Q

what does pyruvate lead to if there is NO oxygen present

A

ethanol, lactate or other products

149
Q

what does pyruvate lead to if there IS oxygen present

A

aerobic cellular respiration

150
Q

when did O2 levels in the atmosphere begin to increase

A

2.7 billion years ago

151
Q

what did early prokaryotes likely use to produce ATP

A

glycolysis

152
Q

what is an ancient and universal process

A

glycolysis

153
Q

two major intersections to various catabolic and anabolic pathways

A

glycolysis and citric acid cycle

154
Q

catabolic pathways funnel electrons

A

from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration

155
Q

what does glycolysis accept

A

a wide range of carbohydrates

156
Q

what must proteins be first before entering glycolysis or citric acid cycle

A

broken down into amino acids

157
Q

what are fats digested to before used in glycolysis

A

glycerol

158
Q

what are fatty acids broken down to before used in the citric acid cycle

A

broken down by beta oxidation to produce acetyl CoA

159
Q

what produces more than twice the ATP to _____

A

fat and carbohydrates

160
Q

where are amino acids used in Cellular Respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. citric acid cycle
  3. acetyl CoA
161
Q

body uses ____ molecules to build other substances

A

small

162
Q

where can small molecules come from to build other substances

A
  1. directly from food
  2. from intermediates of glycolysis
  3. from intermediates of citric acid cycle
163
Q

most common mechanism for control

A

feedback inhibition

164
Q

If ATP [ ] begins to drop

A

respiration speeds up

165
Q

when there is plenty of ATP

A

respiration slows down

166
Q

how is control achieved in cellular respiration

A

regulating key enzymes in the pathway

167
Q

the KEY enzyme in cellular respiration for feedback inhibition

A

phosphofructokinase

168
Q

phosphofructokinase is found in the

A

glycolysis

169
Q

where is positive inhibition from

A

AMP entering the phosphofructokinase

170
Q

where is negative inhibition from

A
  1. citric acid cycle
  2. ATP produced

Biology 1010 (14 decks)

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