Torso - Heart Flashcards
Location of the heart
Mediastinum
The heart sits between two pleural cavities in the mediastinum within the pericardial cavity
Base
Broad superior portion of the heart; COntain the great vessels (Vena cava, aorta, pulmonary trunk)
Apex
Narrow posterior region angling to the left of the midline
Inferior margin
Inferior edge of the heart that rests on the diaphragm
Pericardial cavity
Pericardium
Double lining of the pericardial cavity
Pericardial cavity
VIsceral pericardium
Inner layer of pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
Outer layer of pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Pericardial fluid
Located between the parietal and visceral layers
Layers of the heart
Epicardium
This is the outer layer of the heart; also known as the visceral pericardium
Layers of the heart
Myocardium
Middle layer of the heart
Thickest layer and muscular wall of the heart
Concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue
Layers of the heart - myocardium
Atrial myocardium
wraps around great vessels
Layers of the heart - myocardium
Ventricular myocardium
Thick muscle layer between the endocardium and capillaries
Layers of the heart - myocardium
Heart (fibrous) skeleton
Separates atria and ventricles, supports valves, nondonductive
Layers of the heart
Endocardium
Simple squamous epithelium resting on connective areolar tissue
Circuits and Blood vessels
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart, goes to organs
Circuits and Blood vessels
Arterioles
Are the smallest branch of arteries, within organs
Circuits and Blood vessels
Capillaries
Are the smallest blood vessels; nutrient/waste, gas exchange
Circuits and Blood vessels
Venules
Collect blood from capillaries, found within organs
Circuits and Blood vessels
Veins
Return blood to the hear, comes from the organs
Circuits and Blood vessels
Pulmonary circuit
Deoxygenated blood comes from the body to the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs, oxygenated blood from the lungs comes to the left side of the heart
Circuits and Blood vessels
Systemic circuit
Oxygenated blood from the lungs come to the left side of the heart, and is pumped to the rest of the body
deoxygenated blood comes back to the heart on the right side
Surface anatomy of the heart
Right atrium
Four chambers of the heart
Collects blood from systemic circuit
Surface anatomy of the heart
Right ventricle
Four chambers of the heart
Pumps blood from pulmonary circuit
Surface anatomy of the heart
Left atrium
Four chambers of the heart
Collects blood from the pulmonary circuit
Surface anatomy of the heart
Left ventricle
Four chambers of the heart
Pumps blood to the systemic circuit
Surface anatomy of the heart
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Groove that descends the anterior portion of the heart angling to the right of the apex
Contains the anterior interventricular artery
Surface anatomy of the heart
Posterior interventricular sulcus
Groove the descends the posterior portion of the heart angling to the apex
Contains the posterior interentricular artery
Blood supply to the heart
Right coronary artery
Branches off the base of the right side of the aorta
Flows just inferior to right atrium towards posterior
Right atrium, portions of both ventricles
Branches inot the posterior interventricular artery
Blood supply to the heart
Left coronary artery
Branches off of the base of the left side of the aorta
Flows left a short distance before branching to the:
Cirumflex artery (posterior)
Anterior interventricular artery (anterior)
Supplies blood to the left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular septum
Veins of the heart
Coronary sinus
Most cardiac veins lead to the coronary sinus
Empties inot the right atrium
Coronary openings
Fibrous skeleton
Gives support to the valves
Nonconductive:
Separates the atria and the ventricles electrically (muscle impulses cannot pass throught he fibrous skeleton)
Causes atria and the ventricles to contract independently
Coronary Openings
Openings to coronary arteries
They are located just superior to the aortic valve
Blood is pumped into the aorta, back flow pushes blood into the coronary arteries
Corornary heart disease
The heart has a high metabolism and is susceptible to decreased oxygen due to blockages to the corornary arteries
Internal anatomy of the heart
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
Are folds of fibrous tissue that extend into openings between atria and ventricles and permit blood flow in one direction - from atria to ventricles
Close when ventricles contract
Prevents flow from ventricles to atria
AV Valves
Chordae tendineae
Attach cusps to papillary muscles
Internal anatomy of the heart
Papillary muscles
Attach chordea tendineae to ventricular wall
Prevents proloapse
Internal anatomy of the heart - AV valves
Tricuspid
Between right atrium and right ventricle
Internal anatomy of the heart - AV valves
Bicuspid (mitral)
Connect left atrium to left ventricle
Internal anatomy of the heart
Semilunar valves
Close when ventricles relax
Prevents flow back into the ventricles
Internal anatomy of the heart - Semilunar valves
Pulmonary valve
Right side
Internal anatomy of the heart - Semilunar valves
Aortic valve
Left side
Heart sounds
Lubb
First heart sound (S1), louder and longer, occurs with closure of AV valves
Heart sounds
Dubb
Second heart sound (S2) softer and sharper, occurs with closure of semilunar valves
Internal anatomy of the heart
Interatrial septum
Seperates atria and is difficult to see
Internal anatomy of the heart
Interventricular septum
Seperates the ventricles
Internal anatomy of the heart
Coronary sinus
Drain cardiac veins into right atria; One of three veins that enter the right atrium
Internal anatomy of the heart
Fossa ovalis
Remnant of the foramen ovale which is a fetal structure opening through interarterial septum and seals off at birth
Internal anatomy of the heart
Pectinate muscles
Prominent muscular ridges in right atrium
Blood flow back to the heart from the systemic circuit is highly variable; pectinate muscles allows the right atrium to stretch during high venous return
Internal anatomy of the heart
Trabeculae carneae
Muscular ridges in the right and left ventricle
Allow the ventricles to stretch and fill as much blood as possible
Internal anatomy of the heart
Moderator band
Right ventricle only
Prevents overfilling of the right ventricle, due to highly variable venous return
Internal anatomy of the heart
Papillary muscles
Contract to prevent the atrioventricular valves from inverting
Do NOT cause the valves to close
