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Year 2- CNS > Topography of the Brain (neuroanatomy). > Flashcards

Topography of the Brain (neuroanatomy). Flashcards

1
Q

During embryological development of the brain, what are the three primary vesicles?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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2
Q

What does the forebrain vesicle give rise to?

A

Diencephalon
Cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

What does the hindbrain vesicle give rise to?

A

Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum

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4
Q

What does the midbrain vesicle give rise to?

A

Brainstem

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5
Q

Which two structures make up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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6
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the brainstem?

A

CN III-XII (3-12)

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7
Q

Where does CN I go to?

A

Straight to cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

Where does CN II go to?

A

Thalamus

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9
Q

What is the lowest part of the brainstem?

A

Medulla oblongata

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10
Q

At the foramen magnum, what does the medulla become?

A

Spinal cord

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11
Q

What is seen of the surface of the medulla anteriorly?

A

Pyramids and olives

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12
Q

How is the medulla attached to the cerebrum?

A

Inferior cerebral peduncle

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13
Q

Where do nerve impulses which go your right upper limb originate from?

A

Left cerebral hemisphere

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14
Q

How does the pons attach to the cerebrum?

A

Via middle peduncle

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15
Q

How does the midbrain attach to the cerebrum?

A

Via superior peduncle

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16
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the surface of the medulla?

A

CN IX
CN X
CN XI
CN XII

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17
Q

Where do the pons arise from embryologicslly?

A

Hindbrain vesicle

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18
Q

Which ventricle of the brain is found posterior to the pons?

A

4th ventricle

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19
Q

Which cranial nerves originate from the surface of the pons?

A

CN V
CN VI
CN VII
CN VIII

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20
Q

Where does the midbrain arise from embryologically?

A

Midbrain vesicle

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21
Q

Describe the ventricle of the brain found in the midbrain.

A

Cerebral aqueduct- connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

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22
Q

On the posterior surface of the midbrain, there are four pea-like projections. What are they called?

A

2x superior colliculi
2x inferior colliculi

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23
Q

What do the superior and inferior colliculi deal with?

A

Respond to auditory reflexes e.g. turning if you hear a loud noise

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24
Q

Which cranial nerve is the only one which emerges from the posterior aspect of the brain?

A

CN IV (trochlear nerve)

->arises from posterior aspect of the midbrain

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25
Q

Which type of fibre do the superior cerebral peduncle contain?

A

Motor fibres

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26
Q

Name the black line which goes posterior to the superior peduncles of the midbrain.

A

Substancia nigra

->this is how you can tell you are looking at an axial/transverse view of the midbrain.

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27
Q

Which part of the brain sits posterior to the brainstem?

A

Cerebellum

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28
Q

How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?

A

Via the superior, middle and inferior peduncles

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29
Q

Describe the positioning of grey and white matter of the cerebellum.

A

Grey matter on surface
White matter in centre with deep cerebellar nuclei.

30
Q

What name is given to the grooves on the surface of the cerebellum?

(read carefully, cerebellum, not cerebrum).

31
Q

What name is given to the ridges either side of the sulci on the cerebellum surface?

32
Q

What connects the two cerebellar hemispheres?

33
Q

How many lobes are in each cerebellar hemisphere?

34
Q

Describe the three lobes of the cerebellum.

A

Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe- largest
Flocculonodular lobe- smallest, embryological

35
Q

Which part of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum can sometimes sit in the foramen magnum?

A

Cerebellar tonsil

36
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Maintains posture
Fine tunes motor activity

37
Q

Where does the cerebellum get the information from?

A

The pyramidal tracts crossing over the medulla

38
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Sensory receptors within muscle that tell you what the state of contraction or relaxation the muscle is at.

39
Q

If you move your right arm, which side of the brain receives messages from the proprioceptors?

A

Left

->proprioceptors are sensory receptors, as previously mentioned. When the right arm moves, motor impulses travel to the left cerebral hemisphere.

40
Q

Therefore, which part of the brain looks after the:
1. contralateral side of the body
2. ipsilateral side of the body

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
41
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Group of conditions affecting the coordination and balance, therefore showing that there is abnormality within the cerebellum.

42
Q

What can be used to test for ataxia?

A

Finger-nose test
Knee-heel test
Walking in a straight line

43
Q

What are the three parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus (pineal gland).

44
Q

What does the diencephalon not have- grey or white matter?

A

White matter

45
Q

Where does all sensory information synapse through?

46
Q

How does the thalamus triage sensory information?

A

Receives loads of sensory information from the surroundings…decides what needs to be focused on and what can be ignored. Then the information which is being focused on can be sent to the cerebral hemisphere to make decisions.

47
Q

What sits more superiorly, thalamus or hypothalamus?

A

Thalamus (it’s an egg-shaped structure).

48
Q

Which vesicle does the thalamus arise from embryologically?

A

Forebrain vesicle

49
Q

The thalamus has many groups of nuclei…anterior, lateral and medial. Which group of nuclei are involved in the processing of sensory information?

A

Lateral group of nuclei

50
Q

What separatesh the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamic sulcus

51
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Main visceral control centre
Maintains overall homeostasis

52
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary?

A

By the pituitary stalk

53
Q

Which foramen of the skull can also be known as the carotid canal?

A

Foramen lacerum

54
Q

Which arteries enter through the foramen lacerum?

A

Internal carotid arteries

->hence why it can be known as the carotid canal

55
Q

Which arteries enter through the foramen magnum?

A

2 vertebral arteries

56
Q

The vertebral arteries are branches of which artery?

A

Subclavian artery

57
Q

At what level are the internal carotids branching from the common carotid?

A

C4- upper border of thyroid cartilage

58
Q

Which arteries make up the Circle of Willis?

A

Anterior communicating, anterior cerebral, internal carotid, posterior communicating, posterior cerebral, and basilar arteries

59
Q

What does the vertebral arteries join up to form?

A

Basilar artery

60
Q

What does the basilar artery divide into?

A

Two posterior cerebral arteries

61
Q

What do the internal carotid arteries give off in the Circle of Willis?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

->girl just look at a diagram of the Circle of Willis and learn it x

62
Q

The Circle of Willis is a protective mechanism against what?

A

Vasoocclusion of large arteries

63
Q

What can embolism of one of the arteries supplying the brain lead to?

A

Brain damage

64
Q

Around which area of the brain is the Circle of Willis?

A

Inferior to hypothalamus

65
Q

Where does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres excluding the occipital lobe

66
Q

Where does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Lateral aspect of cerebral hemispheres

67
Q

Where does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Inferior aspect of cerebral hemispheres and occipital lobe

68
Q

Which veins do all the smaller veins of the brain drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

69
Q

What are venous sinuses?

A

Spaces which lie between dura mater layers in which venous blood flows through

70
Q

Which sinus lies on both sides of the pituitary body?

A

Cavernous sinus

Year 2- CNS (49 decks)

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