Topography of the Brain (neuroanatomy).

Question 1

During embryological development of the brain, what are the three primary vesicles?

Answer 1

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

Question 2

What does the forebrain vesicle give rise to?

Answer 2

Diencephalon
Cerebral hemispheres

Question 3

What does the hindbrain vesicle give rise to?

Answer 3

Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum

Question 4

What does the midbrain vesicle give rise to?

Answer 4

Brainstem

Question 5

Which two structures make up the diencephalon?

Answer 5

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Question 6

Which cranial nerves arise from the brainstem?

Answer 6

CN III-XII (3-12)

Question 7

Where does CN I go to?

Answer 7

Straight to cerebral hemispheres

Question 8

Where does CN II go to?

Answer 8

Thalamus

Question 9

What is the lowest part of the brainstem?

Answer 9

Medulla oblongata

Question 10

At the foramen magnum, what does the medulla become?

Answer 10

Spinal cord

Question 11

What is seen of the surface of the medulla anteriorly?

Answer 11

Pyramids and olives

Question 12

How is the medulla attached to the cerebrum?

Answer 12

Inferior cerebral peduncle

Question 13

Where do nerve impulses which go your right upper limb originate from?

Answer 13

Left cerebral hemisphere

Question 14

How does the pons attach to the cerebrum?

Answer 14

Via middle peduncle

Question 15

How does the midbrain attach to the cerebrum?

Answer 15

Via superior peduncle

Question 16

Which cranial nerves arise from the surface of the medulla?

Answer 16

CN IX
CN X
CN XI
CN XII

Question 17

Where do the pons arise from embryologicslly?

Answer 17

Hindbrain vesicle

Question 18

Which ventricle of the brain is found posterior to the pons?

Answer 18

4th ventricle

Question 19

Which cranial nerves originate from the surface of the pons?

Answer 19

CN V
CN VI
CN VII
CN VIII

Question 20

Where does the midbrain arise from embryologically?

Answer 20

Midbrain vesicle

Question 21

Describe the ventricle of the brain found in the midbrain.

Answer 21

Cerebral aqueduct- connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

Question 22

On the posterior surface of the midbrain, there are four pea-like projections. What are they called?

Answer 22

2x superior colliculi
2x inferior colliculi

Question 23

What do the superior and inferior colliculi deal with?

Answer 23

Respond to auditory reflexes e.g. turning if you hear a loud noise

Question 24

Which cranial nerve is the only one which emerges from the posterior aspect of the brain?

Answer 24

CN IV (trochlear nerve)

->arises from posterior aspect of the midbrain

Question 25

Which type of fibre do the superior cerebral peduncle contain?

Answer 25

Motor fibres

Question 26

Name the black line which goes posterior to the superior peduncles of the midbrain.

Answer 26

Substancia nigra ->this is how you can tell you are looking at an axial/transverse view of the midbrain.

Question 27

Which part of the brain sits posterior to the brainstem?

Answer 27

Cerebellum

Question 28

How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?

Answer 28

Via the superior, middle and inferior peduncles

Question 29

Describe the positioning of grey and white matter of the cerebellum.

Answer 29

Grey matter on surface White matter in centre with deep cerebellar nuclei.

Question 30

What name is given to the grooves on the surface of the cerebellum? (read carefully, cerebellum, not cerebrum).

Answer 30

Sulci

Question 31

What name is given to the ridges either side of the sulci on the cerebellum surface?

Answer 31

Folia

Question 32

What connects the two cerebellar hemispheres?

Answer 32

Vermis

Question 33

How many lobes are in each cerebellar hemisphere?

Answer 33

3

Question 34

Describe the three lobes of the cerebellum.

Answer 34

Anterior lobe Posterior lobe- largest Flocculonodular lobe- smallest, embryological

Question 35

Which part of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum can sometimes sit in the foramen magnum?

Answer 35

Cerebellar tonsil

Question 36

What does the cerebellum do?

Answer 36

Maintains posture Fine tunes motor activity

Question 37

Where does the cerebellum get the information from?

Answer 37

The pyramidal tracts crossing over the medulla

Question 38

What are proprioceptors?

Answer 38

Sensory receptors within muscle that tell you what the state of contraction or relaxation the muscle is at.

Question 39

If you move your right arm, which side of the brain receives messages from the proprioceptors?

Answer 39

Left ->proprioceptors are sensory receptors, as previously mentioned. When the right arm moves, motor impulses travel to the left cerebral hemisphere.

Question 40

Therefore, which part of the brain looks after the: 1. contralateral side of the body 2. ipsilateral side of the body

Answer 40

1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum

Question 41

What is ataxia?

Answer 41

Group of conditions affecting the coordination and balance, therefore showing that there is abnormality within the cerebellum.

Question 42

What can be used to test for ataxia?

Answer 42

Finger-nose test Knee-heel test Walking in a straight line

Question 43

What are the three parts of the diencephalon?

Answer 43

Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus (pineal gland).

Question 44

What does the diencephalon not have- grey or white matter?

Answer 44

White matter

Question 45

Where does all sensory information synapse through?

Answer 45

Thalamus

Question 46

How does the thalamus triage sensory information?

Answer 46

Receives loads of sensory information from the surroundings...decides what needs to be focused on and what can be ignored. Then the information which is being focused on can be sent to the cerebral hemisphere to make decisions.

Question 47

What sits more superiorly, thalamus or hypothalamus?

Answer 47

Thalamus (it's an egg-shaped structure).

Question 48

Which vesicle does the thalamus arise from embryologically?

Answer 48

Forebrain vesicle

Question 49

The thalamus has many groups of nuclei...anterior, lateral and medial. Which group of nuclei are involved in the processing of sensory information?

Answer 49

Lateral group of nuclei

Question 50

What separatesh the thalamus and hypothalamus?

Answer 50

Hypothalamic sulcus

Question 51

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 51

Main visceral control centre Maintains overall homeostasis

Question 52

How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary?

Answer 52

By the pituitary stalk

Question 53

Which foramen of the skull can also be known as the carotid canal?

Answer 53

Foramen lacerum

Question 54

Which arteries enter through the foramen lacerum?

Answer 54

Internal carotid arteries ->hence why it can be known as the carotid canal

Question 55

Which arteries enter through the foramen magnum?

Answer 55

2 vertebral arteries

Question 56

The vertebral arteries are branches of which artery?

Answer 56

Subclavian artery

Question 57

At what level are the internal carotids branching from the common carotid?

Answer 57

C4- upper border of thyroid cartilage

Question 58

Which arteries make up the Circle of Willis?

Answer 58

Anterior communicating, anterior cerebral, internal carotid, posterior communicating, posterior cerebral, and basilar arteries

Question 59

What does the vertebral arteries join up to form?

Answer 59

Basilar artery

Question 60

What does the basilar artery divide into?

Answer 60

Two posterior cerebral arteries

Question 61

What do the internal carotid arteries give off in the Circle of Willis?

Answer 61

Anterior cerebral artery ->girl just look at a diagram of the Circle of Willis and learn it x

Question 62

The Circle of Willis is a protective mechanism against what?

Answer 62

Vasoocclusion of large arteries

Question 63

What can embolism of one of the arteries supplying the brain lead to?

Answer 63

Brain damage

Question 64

Around which area of the brain is the Circle of Willis?

Answer 64

Inferior to hypothalamus

Question 65

Where does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

Answer 65

Medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres excluding the occipital lobe

Question 66

Where does the middle cerebral artery supply?

Answer 66

Lateral aspect of cerebral hemispheres

Question 67

Where does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

Answer 67

Inferior aspect of cerebral hemispheres and occipital lobe

Question 68

Which veins do all the smaller veins of the brain drain into?

Answer 68

Internal jugular vein

Question 69

What are venous sinuses?

Answer 69

Spaces which lie between dura mater layers in which venous blood flows through

Question 70

Which sinus lies on both sides of the pituitary body?

Answer 70

Cavernous sinus