Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 2- CNS > Muscle & Nerve Disease > Flashcards

Muscle & Nerve Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of energy does muscle receive and what does it convert it into?

A

Chemical energy -> mechanical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In muscle disease, which symptoms would a patient present with?

A

Weakness of skeletal muscle
Cardiac symptoms
Cramps/muscle pain
Muscle stiffness
Myogloburia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Myogloburia?

A

Breakdown product of muscle in the urine suggesting muscle is being broken down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How will muscle disease present in babies?

A

Floppy, poor suck/feeding, failure to thrive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Are muscle diseases purely motor or sensory?

A

Motor
-> do not get sensory symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which investigations may be carried out to diagnose someone with muscle disease?

A

History and examination
Bloods
Electromyography (EMG)
Muscle biopsy
Genetic testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What would be looked at in bloods in someone with suspected muscle disease?

A

Creatine kinase

->maybe remember that all gym lads take creatine for muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If muscle is damaged, what will creatine kinase levels be like?

A

Elevated

-> creatine kinase is a an enzyme produced when there is muscle damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

There are congenital and acquired causes of muscle disease.
Congenital causes tend to affect the components of muscle.
If there were congenital contractile issues, what might occur?

A

Congenital myopathies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

There are congenital and acquired causes of muscle disease.
Congenital causes tend to affect the components of muscle.
If there were congenital structural issues, what might occur

A

Muscular dystrophies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

There are congenital and acquired causes of muscle disease.
Congenital causes tend to affect the components of muscle.
If there were congenital coupling issues, what might occur?

A

Channelopathies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

There are congenital and acquired causes of muscle disease.
Congenital causes tend to affect the components of muscle.
If there were congenital energy issues, what might occur?

A

Metabolic myopathies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which electrolyte disturbance can cause muscle weakness?

A

High or low levels of potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which vitamin deficiency can cause muscle weakness?

A

Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Inflammatory muscle diseases are usually autoimmune. Which two types are there?

A

Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What inflammation is present in polymyositis?

A

Inflammation of muscle alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What inflammation is present in dermatomyositis?

A

Inflammation of skin and muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do inflammatory muscle diseases present?

A

Muscle weakness, rash and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the treatment for polymyositis and dermatomyositis?

A

Immunosuppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What would be seen in bloods of someone with an autoimmune inflammatory muscle disease, like polymyositis or dermatomyositis?

A

High creatine kinase
Autoantibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which type of inflammatory autoimmune muscle disease is associated with underlying tumour?

A

Dermatomyositis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which investigations may be carried out to diagnose polymyositis and dermatomyositis?

A

Bloods
Tumour screen- especially in dermatomyositis
EMG
Biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?

A

Cholinesterase enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

Rare long-term condition that causes muscle weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the clinical presentation of myasthenia gravis?
Fatigable weakness ->patients complain they get weaker as the day goes on or continue with muscular activity
26
There are two forms of myasthenia gravis. Name them.
Ocular myasthenia gravis. Generalised myasthenia gravis.
27
What are the symptoms of ocular myasthenia gravis?
Ptosis Diplopia
28
What are the investigations used to diagnose myasthenia gravis?
Assess for ACh receptor or anti-MuSK antibodies in blood Neurophysiology- EMG CT chest
29
What is the symptomatic treatment for myasthenia gravis?
Cholinesterase inhibitors
30
What is the disease-modifying treatment for myasthenia gravis?
Immunoglobulin/plasma exchange Steroids Steroid sparing immunosuppression Thymectomy ->these all try to get rid of the antibody causing the effects
31
Name the two components of a peripheral nerve.
Lower motor neuron component Sensory neuron component
32
There are small and large sensory fibres in peripheral nerves. Which fibres carry pain and temperature?
Small fibres
33
There are small and large sensory fibres in peripheral nerves. Which fibres carry joint position sense and vibration?
Large fibres
34
RECAP- what is the function of the myelin sheath?
Wraps around axons to speed up electrical conduction down myelinated nerves
35
If there is damage to the nerve root, this can cause root disease. What is a common cause of root disease?
Degenerative disc disease
36
How may a single peripheral nerve get damaged?
-If it gets trapped or compressed (e.g. ulnar nerve getting trapped to give ulnar neuropathy or median nerve getting trapped to give median neuropathy) -If you damage a nerve's blood supply
37
Will a generalised peripheral neuropathy affect motor or sensory components of the nerve?
Either or both
38
In generalised peripheral neuropathy, which components of the peripheral nerve can get damaged?
Axonal component Myelin sheath
39
What are the most common causes of generalised peripheral neuropathy?
Alcohol Diabetes
40
Are inflammatory autoimmune generalised peripheral neuropathies usually axonal or demyelinating?
Demyelinating
41
Give an example of an acute inflammatory autoimmune generalised peripheral neuropathy.
Guillain Barre syndrome
42
Give an example of an chronic inflammatory autoimmune generalised peripheral neuropathy.
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
43
What are some of the sensory symptoms of peripheral nerve diseases?
Loss of sensation/abnormal sensation Pain
44
What are some of the motor symptoms of peripheral nerve disease?
Muscle thinning and weakness
45
What are some of the autonomic symptoms of peripheral nerve disease?
Skin changes e.g. discoloration/altered sweating Blood pressure Bowel and bladder changes
46
Give some examples of sensory signs of peripheral nerve disease.
Reduction in light touch, temperature, joint position, vibration sensation.
47
Will the motor signs in peripheral nerve disease be upper or lower motor neuron signs?
Lower motor neuron
48
Which signs would you expect to see in someone with lower motor neuron damage?
Muscle wasting Loss of tendon reflexes Loss of muscle tone Muscle fasciculations
49
Which nerve gets damaged in carpal tunnel syndrome?
Median nerve
50
In generalised peripheral neuropathies, are the effects initially distal or proximal?
Distal- effect feet first
51
Which investigations may be carried out when suspecting someone of having peripheral nerve disease?
Blood tests Nerve conduction studies Lumbar puncture Nerve biopsy Genetic analysis
52
What is the treatment for peripheral nerve disease?
Treat the cause e.g. stop drug, surgery for trapped nerve, etc.
53
Which neurons are affected in Moto Neuron Disease?
Upper and lower MN
54
In which part of the body does motor neuron disease typically present?
Limb
55
After affecting the limbs, where will motor neuron disease spread to?
Bulbar muscles and then respiratory muscles
56
In motor neuron disease, patients can present with a combination of upper and lower MN signs. Give some examples of LMN signs they may present with.
Muscle fasciculation Muscle wasting Muscle wasting
57
Q In motor neuron disease, patients can present with a combination of upper and lower MN signs. Give some examples of UMN signs they may present with.
Spasticity Brisk reflexes Extensor plantars
58
Is there any sensory involvement in motor neuron disease?
No
59
What is another name for motor neurons disease?
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
60
What is the prognosis for MN Disease?
Median die 3-5yrs from symptom onset/ 2-3yrs from diagnosis 50% die within 14months of diagnosis
61
How is MND diagnosed?
-Pure clinical diagnosis so based on history and particularly examination as has the unique combination of UMN and LMN signs -EMG
62
What is the treatment for MND?
Supportive- physio, OT, SALT, PEG feed, non invasive ventilation, care Palliative care
63
There are not many drugs to slow MND and no cure. There is only one drug licenced for use which can improve survival by approx. 6 months. What is it?
Riluzole
64
Just to recap- in peripheral nerve disorders, what will the symptoms and signs be a mix of?
LMN and sensory
65

Year 2- CNS (49 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions