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Year 2- CNS > Cells and Tissues of the CNS (anatomy based) > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues of the CNS (anatomy based) Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves
33 spinal nerves

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3
Q

Information carried by the nervous system can be motor or sensory. Name the two divisions of motor information.

A

Autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
Somatic

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4
Q

How are impulses carried in neurons?

A

As action potentials

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5
Q

Name the two types of cells in the nervous system.

A

Neurons
Glial cells

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6
Q

Which cells are excitable; neurons or glial cells?

A

Neurons

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7
Q

Which cells are bigger; neurons or glial cells?

A

Neurons

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8
Q

Which cells are of greater quantity; neurons or glial cells?

A

Glial cells

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9
Q

Neurons have a high metabolic rate and contain many mitochondria, RER and Golgi apparatus.
What can neurons produce?

A

Neurotransmitters

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10
Q

Describe what happens to the neurotransmitter when produced by the neuron.

A

Travels down axon and is stored in the synaptic terminals.
The neurotransmitter will be released once an action potential reaches it.

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11
Q

Perikaryon?

A

Cytoplasm in cell body of neuron

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12
Q

Axoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm in the axon of a neuron.

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13
Q

What happens if you lose a neuron?

A

They are not replaced. Neurons last your whole life, lose one, lost it forever.

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14
Q

Name three common types of neurons.

A

Multipolar (typical neuron you would imagine).
Bipolar
Pseudounipolar

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15
Q

Name two types of multipolar neuron.

A

Interneurons
Motor neurons

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16
Q

Name two types of bipolar neurons.

A

Olfactory mucosa
Retinol nerve fibres

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17
Q

Name a type of pseudounipolar neurons.

A

Sensory neurons

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18
Q

In which crnails nerve would you find bipolar neurons?

A

CN I
CN II

->think about it, they tend to be olfactory mucosa and retinol fibres so would make sense it’s the olfactory and optic cranial nerves.

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19
Q

Describe the direction of nerve impulses in multipolar neurons.

A

Impulse travels from the dendrite to cell cell body and then down the axon.

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20
Q

Describe the direction of nerve impulses in pseudounipolar neurons.

A

Impulse travels down dendrite, bypasses cell body and goes straight down the axon.

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21
Q

Where would you find the cell bodies of the multipolar neurons?

A

Always in the CNS (either brain or spinal cord)

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22
Q

What does a myelin sheath do?

A

Increases the conduction of action potentials

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23
Q

What is meant by saltatory conduction?

A

Action potential jumps from none node to another without having to travel through the entire neuron hence speeding up the rate of conduction.

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24
Q

Which cells secrete the myelin sheath in:
1. CNS
2. PNS
?

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Schwann cells
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25
Q

If a neuron does not have a myelin sheath, what is this known as?

A

Non-myelinated neuron

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26
Q

Why is Multiple Sclerosis (MS) caused?

A

Believed it is caused by patchy loss of the myelin sheath as the body’s immune system attacks it’s own tissues.
These patchy myelin sheaths effect conduction of action potentials.

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27
Q

Describe the arrangement of white and grey matter of the spinal cord.

A

Peripheral white matter
H shaped grey matter in middle.

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28
Q

What is found in :
1. white matter
2. grey matter

A
  1. Myelinated axons
  2. neuronal cell bodies
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29
Q

Is the dorsal root motor or sensory?

A

Sensory

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30
Q

Is the ventral root motor or sensory?

A

Motor

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31
Q

What is the function of ascending tracts of the spinal cord?

A

Carry information up the spinal cord from the body to the brain.

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32
Q

Do ascending tracts of the spinal cord carry motor or sensory information?

A

Sensory

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33
Q

What is the function of descending tracts of the spinal cord?

A

Carry information down the spinal cord from the brain to the body.

34
Q

Do descending tracts of the spinal cord carry motor or sensory information?

35
Q

RECAP- where does the
1. dorsal ramus supply
2. ventral ramus supply

A
  1. Posterior trunk
  2. Anterior trunk and limbs
36
Q

If you see an area of the brain and it looks grey, what does that means about it’s composition?

A

Lots of unmyelinated neuronal cell bodies

->myelinated cell bodies=white structure

37
Q

What is the name given to a collection of neuronal cell bodies, which is sitting outside of the central nervous system?

38
Q

What is the name given to a collection of neuronal cell bodies, which is sitting inside of the central nervous system?

39
Q

Which type of glial cell is the most populous within the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

40
Q

Describe astrocytes.

A

Look like an asteroid!
Have central nucleus with many processes surrounding it- these are known as endfeet.

41
Q

What is the function of astrocyte endfeet?

A

They surround synapses and capillaries and help with potassium buffering.

42
Q

What is the function of microglia, another type of glial cell?

A

Phagocytosis and scar tissue formation.

43
Q

Which type of glial cell helps to maintain the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

44
Q

Why does the brain need microglia to enable phagocytosis when the rest of the body has other cells, like WBCs, that do this?

A

Blood brain barrier prevents white blood cells from moving in the capillaries of the brain so brain needs own cells for the process of phagocytosis.

45
Q

Where would you find ependymal cells, another type of glial cell?

A

Lining the ventricles of the brain
Lining canal of spinal cord

46
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes? (another type of glial cell).

A

Secrete myelin sheath of axons in the CNS.

47
Q

Name the four types of glial cells in the CNS.

A

Astrocytes
Microglial
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes

48
Q

Name the two types of glial cells of the PNS.

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

49
Q

What is the function of schwann cells?

A

Secrete myelin sheath of axons in the PNS.

50
Q

Where are satellite cells found?

A

Inside neuronal cell bodies

51
Q

What are more common- gliomas (tumours of glial cells) or neural brain tumours?

52
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

Protective mechanism creating a stable environment for the brain as prevents certain molecules from entering the brain.

53
Q

What does the blood brain barrier prevent coming into the brain?

A

Harmful amino acids and ions
Glucose

54
Q

What makes up the blood brain barrier?

A
  1. Endothelium- tight junction
  2. Thick basal lamina
  3. Foot processes of astrocytes
55
Q

Because of the blood brain barrier, what are the only substances that can go across the capillaries of the brain?

A

Lipid soluble substances e.g. water and oxygen.

56
Q

The brain needs glucose and amino acids, despite the blood brain barrier preventing them to flow into the brain.
Therefore, how do these substances get into the brain?

A

Pump mediated transfer

57
Q

Which parts of the brain are not surrounded by the blood brain barrrier?

A

Hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary

->both endocrine

58
Q

Due to the blood brain barrier, if wanting to use drugs which will affect the brain, what will need to be considered?

A

They will need to be able to pass over the BBB so will be lipid soluble or use suitable vectors to get them across.

59
Q

What does the cerebrum control?

A

‘Seat of consciousness’
e.g. initiates and coordinates movements, controls temperature.

60
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Balance
Coordination

61
Q

Name the three components of the brainstem.

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

62
Q

What would be found in the brainstem?

A

Vital automatic centres e.g. cardio-respiratory centres

63
Q

What would you find in the subarachnoid space (space between arachnoid mater and pia mater)?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

64
Q

Name the fold of dura mater which separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

A

Falx cerebri.

65
Q

Name the fold which separates the two cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum.

A

Tentorium cerebelli.

66
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A

Spaces within the brain- they are all connected

67
Q

Where do the lateral ventricles lie?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

68
Q

Where does the cerebral aqueduct lie?

69
Q

Where does the diamond shaped 4th ventricle of the brain lie?

70
Q

What connects the lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramen

71
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle found?

A

Diencephalon

72
Q

What is found in the brain ventricles?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

73
Q

What are meninges?

A

Coverings of the CNS

74
Q

Name the three layers of the meninges.

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

75
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Maintains intracranial pressure
Protects brain and spinal cord

76
Q

Where would you find CSF?

A

Brain ventricles
Subarachnoid space

77
Q

What forms CSF?

A

A structure called the choroid plexus found in each ventricle

78
Q

Where is CSF absorbed?

A

By arachnoid villi into the sagittal sinus (this is the venous drainage for the brain).

79
Q

How does CSF leave the ventricular system and get to the subarachnoid space?

A

Leaves through three holes at the roof of the 4th ventricle.

Year 2- CNS (49 decks)

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