Multiple Sclerosis Flashcards

1
Q

At what age does MS usually present?

A

30s-40s

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2
Q

Does MS affect CNS or PNS?

A

CNS

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3
Q

Which part of the CNS is affected by MS?

A

White matter

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4
Q

What is the pathological process behind MS?

A

Demyelination

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5
Q

Is MS more common in men or women?

A

Women

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6
Q

In MS, there can be relapses which can affect anywhere in the CNS. What would be the symptoms if the MS relapsed and affected the eye?

A

Complete or partial loss of vision

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7
Q

In MS, there can be relapses which can affect anywhere in the CNS. What would be the symptoms if the MS relapsed and affected the brainstem?

A

Diplopia
Vertigo/ataxia

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8
Q

In MS, there can be relapses which can affect anywhere in the CNS. What would be the symptoms if the MS relapsed and affected the spinal cord?

A

Bilateral motor and sensory symptoms
Bladder involvement

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9
Q

What is a common presentation of MS?

A

Optic neuritis

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10
Q

What would someone with optic neuritis present with?

A

Subacute vision loss
Pain on moving eye
Impaired colour vision

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11
Q

What would be seen upon examination of someone with optic neuritis?

A

Initial swelling of optic disc
Optic atrophy seen later
Relative afferent pupillary defect

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12
Q

What would be observed if there was a left eye relative pupillary reflex?

A

When shining a light into right eye, both pupils would constrict (normal reflex).
When shining light in left eye, both pupils dilate.

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13
Q

If there was an MS brainstem relapse in the pons, what would this cause?

A

Interneuclear opthalmoplegia

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14
Q

If there was an MS brainstem relapse in the cerebellum, what would this cause?

A

Vertigo, nystagmus, ataxia

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15
Q

What occurs in demyelination?

A

Autoimmune process
Activated T ells cross blood brain barrier which causes the demyelination.

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16
Q

What happens as a result of demyelination?

A

Acute inflammation of myelin sheath
Loss of function

17
Q

What happens as demyelination repairs?

A

Gliosis- proliferation of glial cells in injured area

18
Q

Which imaging is good to see areas of demyelination?

19
Q

For MS to be diagnosed, what does a patient need to have?

A

More than one episode/relapse of demyelination in different parts of the NS

20
Q

What is it called if a patient only has one episode of inflammation and demyelination?

A

Clinically isolated syndrome

21
Q

As time goes on, most patients develop progressive MS. What is this due to?

A

Loss of axons

22
Q

In the progressive phase of MS, which symptoms may be experienced?

A

Fatigue
Temperature sensitivity
Stiffness
Spasms
Balance issues
Slurred speech
Bladder and bowel symptoms
Swallowing problems
Visual loss
Dysesthesia/paraesthesia

23
Q

Examination in those with MS depends on the stage of the disease. What are some signs that may be seen upon examination of someone with MS?

A

Afferent pupillary defect
Nystagmus
Abnormal eye movements
Weakness
Spasticity
Hyperreflexia
Plantars extensor

24
Q

What are the three types of MS?

A

Relapsing-remitting MS
Secondary progressive MS
Primary progressive MS

25
What will most people with relapsing-remitting MS go onto develop?
Secondary progressive MS ->patients will stop having significant relapses but will notice increasing loss of strength and ability
26
What happens in primary progressive MS?
Never has relapses. progressive disease from onset
27
At which age does primary progressive MS present?
40-50s
28
Which types of symptoms are common in primary progressive MS?
Spinal and bladder symptoms
29
Differential diagnosis depends on whether the symptoms and signs correspond to first relapse or progressive disease. List some of the potential differential diagnoses' of MS.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis Other causes of demyelination Other autoimmune conditions Sarcoidosis Vasculitis Infection e.g. Lyme's disease Adrenoleucodystrophy ->look, don't get hung up on remembering them, just read through haha
30
List some of the differential diagnosis's of optic neuritis
Neuromyelitis optica Sarcoidosis Ischaemic optic neuropathy Drugs/toxins/vitamin B12 deficiency Local compression Infection
31
List some of the differential diagnosis' of myelitis
Neuromyelitis optica Sarcoidosis Tumour Stroke
32
What is the treatment for MS?
No cure but there is treatment of relapse and disease modifying treatment (which reduce number of relapses but do not slow nature of disease)
33
What are some symptomatic treatments for MS?
Spasticity-muscle relaxants Antispasmodics Physiotherapy Amitriptyline or gabapentin for pain Laxatives for constipation Bladder stimulants/catherization
34
List some vital members of a MDT in the support and management of MS.
MS nurse Physiotherapist OT Speech and language therapist Dietician Rehabilitation services Continence advisor Psychology/psychiatry
35
What are some of the first line disease modifying treatments?
Injections: beta-interferons, glatiramer acetate Oral: teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate
36
List some of the second line treatments for the disease modificaion.
Natalizumab Fingolimod Cladribine
37
What can long-term immunosuppression be associated with?
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
38