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Year 2- CNS > Memory & Cognition > Flashcards

Memory & Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognition?

A

Integration of all sensory information to make sense of a situation

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2
Q

Which process helps with memories and learning from siutaions?

A

Neuronal plasticity

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3
Q

What do the association areas in the cerebellum do?

A

Integrate information from multiple sources rather than being concerned about one specific function.

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4
Q

Name the three components of the brain which are vital for learning and memory.

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Cortex
  3. Thalamus
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5
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Formation of memories

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6
Q

What is the cortex responsible for?

A

Storage of memories

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7
Q

What is the thalamus responsible for?

A

Searching and accessing of memories

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8
Q

What does the cingulate gyrus have a role in?

A

Emotion

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9
Q

Memories are formed in the limbic system. It consists of an ‘old’ and ‘new’ cortex. The old cortex makes connections with the new cortex, especially which two lobes?

A

Temporal and frontal lobes

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10
Q

What is the limbic system driven by?

A

Reward or avoiding punishment e.g. eating so we don’t starve etc.

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11
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

Behavioural and emotional responses

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12
Q

What is meant by reward areas of the brain?

A

Parts of the brain which, when stimulated, produce intense feelings of well being, euphoria and sexual drive

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13
Q

What is meant by the punishment areas of the brain?

A

Area which elicit fear, anger or pain when stimulated

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14
Q

Where does all sensory information go through?

A

Hippocampus

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15
Q

What happens in people with bilateral hippocampal damage?

A

They have immediate memory and intact long-term memory but unable to form new long-term memories.
Motor skills still normal.

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16
Q

How long does immediate/sensory memory last?

A

A few seconds

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17
Q

How quickly do visual immediate/sensory memories disappear?

A

<1second

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18
Q

How quickly do auditory immediate/sensory memories disappear?

A

<4seconds

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19
Q

How long does short-term memories last?

A

Seconds-hours

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20
Q

What is short-term memory used for?

A

Short term tasks e.g. dialling a phone number, reading a sentence.

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21
Q

How long do intermediate long-term memories last?

A

Hours to weeks

22
Q

Give an example of an intermediate long-term memory.

A

What you did last weekend

23
Q

What is intermediate long-term memory associated with?

A

Chemical adaption at the presynaptic terminal

24
Q

How long can long-term memories last?

A

Can last a lifetime

25
Q

What are long-term memories associated with?

A

Structural changes in synaptic connections

26
Q

Short term memory is an electrical phenomenon and depends on maintained excitation from reverberating circuits.
Why are these reverberating circuits important?

A

Keeps the brief short term memory alive but if deemed significant, this reverberation results in consolidation of memory into long-term memory

27
Q

What happens if reverberation is disrupted?

A

Memory loss/amnesia

28
Q

Name the two types of amnesia.

A

Anterograde
Retrograde

29
Q

What happens in anterograde amnesia?

A

Cannot form new memories

30
Q

What happens in retrograde amnesia?

A

Cannot access more recent old memories

31
Q

Can anterograde amnesia be resolved?

A

Depends on severity of injury causing it- may be short-lived or permanent

32
Q

How does retrograde amnesia usually present?

A

With anterograde amnesia

->those with retrograde amnesia cannot remember the events leading up to the injury

33
Q

If only the hippocampus is damaged, which type of amnesia is seen?

A

Retrograde amnesia

34
Q

As previously mentioned, intermediate long-term memory involves chemical changes in presynaptic neurons. What happens when there is increasing calcium ion entry into presynaptic terminals?

A

Increase in neurotransmitter release

35
Q

What are the three structural changes at synapses seen in long-term memory?

A
  1. Increase in neurotransmitter release sites on presynaptic membrane
  2. Increase in number of neurotransmitter vesicles stored and released
  3. Increase in number of presynaptic terminals
36
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

Forms basis of learning and memory, due to increased amplitude in graded membrane potential which ‘strengthens the cell’

37
Q

Name the two types of long-term memory.

A

Declarative/explicit memory
Procedural/reflexive/implicit memory

38
Q

What is the explicit memory used for?

A

Events, words, rules and language

39
Q

Which part of the brain does the explicit memory rely heavily on?

A

Hippocampus

40
Q

What is the implicit memory used for?

A

Motor memory for motor skills .e.g. tennis or rules e.g. driving on left

41
Q

How is implicit memory acquired?

A

Through repetition

42
Q

How is short term memory converted into long term memory?

A

Consolidation through repetition

43
Q

What does consolidation require?

A

Attention, hence why it is difficult to learn when tired

44
Q

What does memory recall depend on?

A

Significance of an event

45
Q

Which parts of the limbic system assess the significance of an event?

A

Frontal cortex and associated reward/punishment centres

46
Q

Name the points of the Papez circuit.

A

Hippocampus -> mammillary bodies -> anterior thalamus -> cingulate gyrus

and then back to hippocampus etc.

47
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Chronic alcoholism

48
Q

Which vitamin deficiency is seen in Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Vitamin B1

49
Q

What does the deficiency in Korsakoff’s syndrome lead to?

A

Damage of limbic system structures and the ability to consolidate a memory is impaired

50
Q

What happens in Alzheimer’s?

A

Severe loss of cholinergic neurons throughout the brain, leading to gross memory impairment

51
Q

Which type of sleep is important for memory?

A

REM sleep

52
Q
A

Year 2- CNS (49 decks)

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