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Year 2- CNS > The Cerebral Hemispheres- surface features and functions (neuroanatomy) > Flashcards

The Cerebral Hemispheres- surface features and functions (neuroanatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

What is found on the inside of the brain- grey or white matter?

A

White matter inside, grey matter on surface

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2
Q

What is meant by nuclei in the brain?

A

Collection of grey matter embedded in cerebral hemisphere

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3
Q

Basal ganglia?

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies buried in the white matter

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4
Q

What is the name of:
1. the grooves on the surface of the brain?
2. the elevation on either side of the groove?

A
  1. Sulcus
  2. Gyrus
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5
Q

Which type of mater is vascular?

A

Pia mater

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6
Q

Name the large dip between the two cerebral hemispheres.

A

Median longitudinal fissure

-> sulcus is the name given to most grooves on the surface of the brain but deeper grooves are called fissures

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7
Q

Name the bridge which connects the right and left cerebral hemisphere.

A

Corpus callosum

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8
Q

Which lobes of the brain does the lateral sulcus separate?

A

Frontal lobe and temporal lobe

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9
Q

Which lobes of the brain does the central sulcus separate?

A

Parietal and frontal lobe

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10
Q

Name the gyrus situated just in front of the central sulcus and forms part of your frontal lobe.

A

Precentral gyrus

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11
Q

Name the gyrus immediately posterior to the central sulcus which forms part of your parietal lobe.

A

Postcentral gyrus

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12
Q

Name the deep groove which separates the parietal lobe of the brain from the occipital lobe.

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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13
Q

Name the gyrus just superior to the corpus callosum.

A

Cingulate gyrus

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14
Q

What do gyrus’ look like? (not anatomical, just trying to help you gal)

A

Kind like the intestines/sausages (basically the surface things of the brain).

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15
Q

Part of the temporal lobe is curled in on itself. What is this called?

A

Hippocampus

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16
Q

The frontal lobe can be divided into three parts by more gyrus. Name the three gyrus which divide the frontal lobe.

A

Superior frontal gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Name the two divisions of the parietal lobe.

A

Superior and inferior parietal lobule.

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19
Q

Name the three gyri which divide up the temporal lobe of the brain.

A

Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus

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20
Q

Name the gyrus which leads from the temporal lobe to the insula (insula cannot be seen on the surface of the brain).

A

Transverse temporal gyri.

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21
Q

If using the central and lateral sulcus, is every lobe behind them sensory or motor?

A

Sensory

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22
Q

If using the central and lateral sulcus, is every lobe in front of them sensory or motor?

A

Motor

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23
Q

Therefore, which lobes of the brain are sensory?

A

Temporal
Parietal
Occipital

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24
Q

Therefore, which lobe of the brain are motor?

A

Frontal

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25
Q

RECAP- are ventral or dorsal roots motor?

A

Ventral roots=motor
Dorsal roots=sensory

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26
Q

Which part of the brain is the limbic system?

A

Medial part of cerebral hemispheres.

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27
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

Stores and retrieves processed information.

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28
Q

Everyone has a dominant cerebral hemisphere, which can differ. What does this determine?

A

If we are right or left handed.

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29
Q

Which area of the brain is your primary sensory area?

A

Parietal (think P=P)

30
Q

What does the primary association area in the parietal lobe allow us to do?

A

Uses and combines information and relates to past experiences to, for example, identify something.

31
Q

What is area 4 of the brain?

A

Primary motor cortex

->this is a complicated area, may be worth watching part 2/3 of the Cerebral hemisphere lecture again before doing these flashcards

32
Q

What is the primary motor cortex (area 4) responsible for?

A

Executing motor movements of contralateral sides of the body

->e.g. left precentral gyrus controls right side of body, right precentral gyrus controls left side of body

33
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex (area 4) found?

A

Precentral gyrus

34
Q

What is area 44/45 of the brain?

A

Broca’s area of motor speech

35
Q

Where would you find Broca’s area of motor speech?

A

Inferior frontal gyrus

36
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

Cognitive functions of higher order e.g. intellect, judgement, prediction, planning.

37
Q

Which area is found in the post-central gyrus?

A

Primary sensory area

38
Q

Which areas of the brain make up the primary sensory area?

A

Areas 3, 1, 2

39
Q

Which lobe of the brain is the primary sensory area?

A

Parietal

->situated in post-central gyrus

40
Q

What is the name of the area adjacent to the primary area?

A

Association area

41
Q

What happens if there is a lesion in the parietal lobe/

A

Hemisensory neglect

42
Q

If a lesion affected the left parietal lobe, how would there be hemisensory neglect in a patient?

A

Patient would complete ignore right half of body e.g. if washing face, would only wash left half

43
Q

Generally, what does the temporal lobe control?

A

Hearing and smell

44
Q

Which lobe of the brain will CN I go to?

A

Temporal lobe

->olfactory nerve, smell controlled by temporal lobe

45
Q

On which gyrus is the primary site for hearing (primary auditory cortex)?

A

Superior temporal gyrus

46
Q

In which areas is the superior auditory complex?

A

Areas 41, 42

47
Q

All primary areas have an association area adjacent to it.
What does the associated auditory area help to do?

A

Helps individuals to make sense of what they are hearing.

48
Q

Like previously mentioned, everyone has a dominant hemisphere, which is different in individuals.

The dominant hemisphere has an additional function in the auditory association area compared to the non-dominant hemisphere.

What is this additional function?

A

Helps decipher speech

49
Q

What is the area which helps decipher speech found in the dominant hemisphere called?

A

Wernicke’s area of speech

50
Q

Which lobe of the brain observes vision?

A

Occipital lobe

51
Q

Which area is the primary visual cortex?

A

Area 17

52
Q

Which area of the occipital lobe are the primary visual cortex found?

A

Either side of calcarine sulcus

53
Q

Which areas make up the visual association cortex?

A

18 and 19

54
Q

What is the function of the visual association cortex?

A

Interpretation of visual images

55
Q

As previously mentioned, there is a limbic lobe in the medial cerebral hemisphere which is responsible for memory and emotions.

What makes up the limbic lobe?

A

Cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala

56
Q

What happens when information come through the loop of the limbic lobe?

A

Information comes in and goes round and round and becomes memorised.

57
Q

Let’s recap :)

Which area is the motor speech area?

A

Broca’s area

58
Q

RECAP-Which area is the auditory association area in the dominant hemisphere only?

A

Wernicke’s area

59
Q

RECAP- What is Wernicke’s area necessary for?

A

Recognition of spoken word.

60
Q

RECAP-
What is the generic function of each of the following lobes?

  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
  5. Limbic
A
  1. Frontal = motor
  2. Parietal= sensory
  3. Temporal= auditory
  4. Occipital= vision
  5. Limbic= memory and emotions
61
Q

RECAP- Which of the following is unilateral and which is bilateral:
1. Broca’s area
2. Wernicke’s area

A
  1. Bilateral
  2. Unilateral
62
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Problems with speech due to damage to specific areas of the brain

63
Q

There are two types of aphasia depending on which area is damaged.
Name the two types of aphasia.

(think->aphasia = problems with speech. Which areas control sppech?)

A

Broca’s aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasia

64
Q

Describe what is experienced in Broca’s aphasia.

A

Individual:
-understands speech
-misses small words
-is aware of difficulties in speech

->understands as sensory area is fine, motor is damaged hence limited reply

65
Q

Which lobe is damaged in Broca’s aphasia?

A

Frontal lobe

66
Q

What does Broca’s aphasia cause to happen?

A

Weakness or paralysis to one side of the body

->this is because it is close to the precentral gyrus

67
Q

Describe what is experienced in Wernicke’s aphasia.

A

Individual:
1. has fluent speech but with new, meaningless words
2. cannot understand speech
3. does not know of mistakes

68
Q

In those with Wernicke’s aphasia, which lobe will be damaged?

A

Temporal lobe

69
Q

Will there be any paralysis in patient’s with Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

No- sensory based, not motor, far away from precentral gyrus

70
Q
A

Year 2- CNS (49 decks)

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