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Year 2- CNS > EEG, sleep and circadian rhythms > Flashcards

EEG, sleep and circadian rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

Define sleep.

A

Stage of unconsciousness from which individual can be aroused by normal stimuli e.g. light, touch, sound.
->Predictable and cyclical

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1
Q

Define coma.

A

State of unconsciousness from which individual cannot be aroused and does not respond to stimuli.

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2
Q

What symptoms arise if someone is deprived of sleep?

A

-Impairment of cognitive function
-Impairment of physical performance
-Sluggishness
-Irritability

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3
Q

List some of the things that sleep supports/

A
  1. Neuronal plasticity
  2. Learning and memory
  3. Cognition
  4. Clearance of waste products from CNS
  5. Conservation of whole body energy
  6. Immune function

->suggested we sleep more when we are ill do to it helping immune function

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4
Q

What does neuronal plasticity allow?

A

Learning and memory.
New neural connections in brain forming

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5
Q

In which part of the sleep phase are we in our deepest sleep?

A

Early stages of sleep phase

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6
Q

When are new neuronal connections made?

A

Late phases of sleep

->early phase prunes back connections which have already been made

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7
Q

In which part of the sleep do we dream the most?

A

Late phases

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8
Q

Which area of the brain brings about sleep (as far as evidence suggests)?

A

Reticular formation of the brainstem

->known it occurs at some point below the pons

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9
Q

Name some molecules which are believed to contribute to sleep.

A

Delta sleep inducing peptides (DSIP)
Adenosine
Melatonin

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10
Q

What happens as adenosine levels build up during the day?

A

Feeling of sleepiness develops- known as sleep pressure

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11
Q

What antagonises adenosine receptors?

A

Caffeine

->why it keeps you awake

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12
Q

Where is melatonin produced?

A

Pineal gland

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13
Q

What is the pineal gland under the influece of?

A

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

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14
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nuclei found?

A

Hypothalamus

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15
Q

What does the SCN (suprachiasmatic nuclei) demonstrate?

A

24hr circadian rhythm

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16
Q

What does the SCN control the release of?

A

Melatonin

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17
Q

What are the inhibitory neurons in the SCN stimulated by?

A

Light

->therefore darkness removes inhibition and we get stimulation of pineal gland and melatonin release allowing us to sleep :)

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18
Q

What is orexin?

A

An excitatory neurotransmitter required for wakefullness

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19
Q

Where is oxerin released fron?

A

Hypothalamus

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20
Q

What inhibits orexin?

A

Melatonin

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21
Q

What does defective orexin signalling cause?

A

Narcolepsy-> individual will suddenly fall asleep, sometimes even when talking

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22
Q

Drugs that block the formation of serotonin (not a typo) have what kind of affect on sleep?

A

Disrupt sleep

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23
Q

During depression, a person can have lower levels of serotonin. How does his affect them?

A

Struggle to sleep

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24
Therefore, which drugs are given to those with depression?
SSRI's ->serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors
25
How can electrical activity in the brain be recorded?
Using EEG or electroencephalogram
26
How can the EEG waves be analysed?
By amplitude and frequency
27
In general, what happens to frequency with neuronal excitation?
Frequency increases
28
In general, what happens to amplitude with neuronal excitation?
Amplitude decreases
29
What is frequnxy?
Number of wave
30
What is amplitude?
Size of wave
31
In terms of sleep, the longer the wave..?
The deeper the level of unconsciousness
32
When will the frequency of waves be increased?
The more focused you are. But awake means greater amplitude than being asleep.
33
What is abnormally fast EEG waves characteristic of?
Epilepsy
34
Name the four types of wave pattern seen
Alpha Beta Theta Delta
35
What are alpha waves associated with?
Relaxed-awake state
36
What are beta waves associated with?
Alert awake state
37
What are theta waves associated with?
Early sleep
38
Wat are delta waves associated with?
Deep sleep
39
Describe the amplitude and frequency for alpha waves.
High frequency Medium amplitude
40
Describe the amplitude and frequency for beta waves.
Very high frequency Low amplitude
41
Describe the amplitude and frequency for theta waves.
Low frequency Amplitude varies
42
Describe the amplitude and frequency for delta waves.
Very low frequency High amplitude
43
Why is there low amplitude seen in the beta waves when the person is in the awake-alert phase?
Low amplitude does not reflect low activity. Heightened alert state but as brain doing so many things at once, the opposing signals cancel each other out and are not seen on EEG.
44
Sleep in cyclical and has five stages. The first stage can be called slow wave sleep. Describe slow wave sleep
Light sleep very early on in the cycle. Easily aroused.
45
Describe the amplitude and frequency seen in slow wave sleep.
High amplitude Low frequency
46
Which type of wave is seen in slow wave sleep?
Theta waves
47
Describe the amplitude and frequency in stage 2 in which the eye movements stop.
Frequency slows further but shows bursts of rapid waves called sleep spindles.
48
Describe the amplitude and frequency in stage three.
High amplitude Very slow waves (low frequency) with a few short episodes of fast waves. However, spindle activity declines.
49
Which type of waves are seen in EEG of stage three of sleep?
Delta
50
Which type of fibres are seen in stage four of sleep?
Only delta fibres
51
In which stages of sleep is it very hard to rouse people?
Stages 3 and 4- known as deep sleep
52
In which stages does sleep walking/talking occur?
Stage 3/4
53
What happens after stage 4 sleep?
Move back to stage three, then two before entering REM sleep
54
What is REM sleep?
Rapid eye movement sleep
55
When do dreams occur?
REM stage of sleep
56
What % of sleep is REM sleep?
25%
57
Describe the amplitude and frequency seen in REM sleep.
Low amplitude High frequency ->eerily similar to waves seen when awake
58
Therefore, the large amplitudes are associated with what?
Deepest stages of sleep
59
The cycle of sleep is very predicable as the night goes on. Briefly expalin it.
Start with stage 1->2->3 to deep sleep, then back into 3 and 2, then REM then back down into deep sleep, back through 3 and 2, then REM, etc. Look at graphs to fully get what I'm saying
60
As time asleep increases, what happens to REM?
Time spent in REM also increases
61
When does deep sleep occur?
First few hours of sleep, most restful type of sleep
62
What happens to the body in deep sleep?
Decreased vascular tone, BP, respiratory and metabolic rate ->this is why there is a drop in body temperature while sleeping
63
Name a part of the brain which is particular active during deep sleep- the slow wave sleep.
Hippocampus
64
If the hippocampus is damaged, what happens?
Person unable to make new memories but keeps old memories.
65
How often does REM sleep occur?
Every 90 mins during sleep, lasts for 5-30 min
66
In REM sleep, there are rapid eye movements. There is inhibition of all other skeletal muscles due to what?
Inhibitory projections from the pons to the spinal cord
67
Why is there inhibition of all other skeletal muscles during REM sleep?
Prevents people from acting out dreams which occur in REM stage of sleep
68
Which types of pathways is REM sleep dependant on?
Cholinergic pathways within the reticular formation
69
People taking anticholinesterases have increased time in which area of sleep?
REM sleep
70
How much time will a premature infant spend in REM sleep?
80% of sleep
71
How much time will a newborn infant spend in REM sleep?
50% of sleep
72
How much time will adulthood spend in REM sleep?
25% of sleep
73
How much time will an elderly person spend in REM sleep?
Very little, if any
74
As older people spend less time in REM sleep, what could this affect?
Cognitive function Memory
75
How much sleep does an adult need a night?
8hrs
76
What is insomnia?
Common sleep disorder Chronic inability to obtain the necessary amount or quality of sleep required to maintain adequate day time behaviour
77
It is important to distinguish between types of insomnia like:
-Chronic, primary insomnia -Temporary, secondary insomnia
78
What causes chronic primary insomnia?
Often no identifiable psychological or physical cause
79
What cause temporary secondary insomnia?
Pain, bereavement, other crisis Usually short lived
80
Give some examples of behaviours which promote sleep.
Avoiding use of screens Avoid caffeine Avoid vigorous exercise late in evening
81
When do nightmares occur?
REM sleep
82
Nightmares have a strong visual component. What stops the nightmare?
Waking up
83
When in sleep do night terrors occur?
Deep, delta sleep
84
In which age range of children can it be common to see night terrors?
Age 3-8
85
What may be seen in a child with night terrors?
Thrashing and screaming, open eyes, unable to recognise parents
86
Do children remember night terrors when they wake up?
No
87
Do people remember nightmares when they wake up?
Yes
88
Somnambulism?
Sleep walking
89
In which stage of sleep does somnambulism occur?
Non-REM sleep, mainly stage 4 sleep
90
Describe what is seen when a person in sleep walkig.
Appear awake, eyes open, avoid objects, carry out reasonably complex tasks and can obey instructions
91
Will people who sleepwalk remember in the morning?
No
92
What happens in narcolepsy?
Individual enters directly into REM sleep with little walking
93
When could narcolepsy be dangerous?
Driving etc. as fall asleep with no warning
94

Year 2- CNS (49 decks)

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