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BIOL 1030 > Topics 06-08 Terms (Plant Chunk) > Flashcards

Topics 06-08 Terms (Plant Chunk) Flashcards

1
Q

endodermal barrier

A

In roots, casparian strips block flow to the inside where xylem is located

Water/ions must enter endodermal cells to get to xylem

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2
Q

_____% of water taken up from roots lost to _______, mainly in the form of ____

A

90% of water is lost to evaporation, usually as water vapor

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3
Q

How turgor is maintained

A

Potassium ion uptake with ATP-powered ion channels

Water enters due to osmotic imbalance

Guard cells control stomata which control turgor

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4
Q

aerenchyma

A

loose parenchyma with
air spaces

allow oxygen transport to below-water parts

found in water lilies and others

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5
Q

flooding cons

A

depletes oxygen in roots

loss of active pumping at root hairs

loss of ion entry

may dry out leaves

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6
Q

lenticels

A

above water; allow oxygen to enter

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7
Q

pneumatophores

A

spongy, air-filled “knees”
from roots, emerging from
water

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8
Q

Food transport in phloem is mostly ___% dry matter and almost consisting entirely of _____

A

10-25% dry matter, mostly sucrose

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9
Q

How food transport happens

A

pressure flow hypothesis

source (place of dissolved carb production)

sink (place of usage
(primarily growing areas –
root and stem tips, fruits)
or storage)

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10
Q

Phloem loading

A

Carbs enter sieve tubes at source (active transport)

Companion cells provide energy

Water potential in sieve tube lowered, relative to nearby xylem

Increased turgor pressure in sieve tube pushes solution through them

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11
Q

“unloading” at a sink

A

Carbs leaving drop turgor pressure

Makes the flow from high water pressure at source to low pressure at sink

Most water in sink diffuse back into xylem

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12
Q

Macronutrients in plants

A

(7) COHNK CaMg (conk, camgie)

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13
Q

Micronutrients in plants

A

(8) Cl Fe Mn B Zn Cu Ni Mo (“cliffy men, beezin’ sunny mo!”)

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14
Q

How nitrogen is fixed for plants

A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria turn N2 into NH3 (ammonia).

Ammonifying bacteria turn NH3 into NH4+.
Nitrifying bacteria turn NH4+ into NO3-.

Plants can only use nitrogen in the form of NH4+ or NO3-

Denitrifying bacteria take ions and turn it back into atmospheric N2

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15
Q

Commercial fertilizers usually include _, _, and _.

A

N P K

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16
Q

Disadvantages of commercial fertilizers

A

can be expensive

can pollute water supplies and
damage ecosystems

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17
Q

Organic fertilizer makes ______

A

Humus; helps hold

water and is usually less polluting of surface waters

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18
Q

Environments of carnivorous plants

A

sandy, acidic soils (like bogs) often have too

little nitrogen

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19
Q

Venus fly trap

A

brushed hair causes
electrical impulse, which causes very rapid water accumulation in the outer regions of lobes

digestive enzymes

usually eat more ants/grasshopper than flies

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20
Q

sundews

A

Trichomes act as glands, secreting sticky substances including digestive enzymes

Leaves curl around prey

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21
Q

butterworts

A

Glands on leaves secrete sticky
substances and
digestive enzymes

Leaves curl around prey, mostly gnats

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22
Q

pitcher plants

A

Insects can’t climb back out

Some have digestive enzymes, some digest using other organisms through mutualism

23
Q

Bladderworts

A

traps in aqueous environments

bladderlike leaves that have a spring-like trapdoor

digestive enzymes

24
Q

mycorrhizae

A

90% of vascular plants have relationships between their roots and these certain fungi

important mostly for phosphorous and micronutrients

25
Q

Plant development characteristics

A

Cells do not change positions during development

Growing tips and zones (meristems); regeneration capacity

No fixed body size, flexibility and adaptability

Adaptive development influenced by environment

26
Q

Fungi and animal development

A

Fungi grow with little specialization, except for reproduction

Animal development is usually complex but relatively inflexible

27
Q

suspensor

A

larger cell in the first division of a seed embryo

links embryo to nutrient tissue in seed

28
Q

root-shoot axis

A

Near suspensor = future root

Other end = future shoot

29
Q

mature seed embryo characteristics

A

Root-shoot axis

Cotyledons growing out of shoot

Plumule; may have a coleoptile (protective sheath)

30
Q

Where food is stored in a seed

A

Endosperm or cotyledons

31
Q

____% of seeds are water

A

5-20% water

32
Q

Food reserves in seeds are mostly ________

A

starch grains in amyloplasts, protein bodies, sometimes fat bodies

33
Q

First step in seedling growth

A

roots emerge first (usually)

34
Q

Plant hormones control _______

A

gene expression

35
Q

Auxin

A

Elongates cells, and is transported away from areas in the light

Usually found in apical meristems or other immature areas

plasticity of cell walls

bending of stems, stem elongation

inhibits leaf abscission

promotes lateral bud dormancy

36
Q

Cytokinins

A

Natural ones similar to adenine

Usually produced in root apical meristems and developing fruits

cell differentiation

works with auxin to stimulate cell division

promote lateral buds, inhibit lateral root growth

promote chloroplast development/maintenance

37
Q

Gibberellins

A

Activate production of food utilization enzymes

Made in apical parts of stems and roots

shoot elongation, hastened seed germination

38
Q

Brassinosteroids

A

Overlapping functions with auxins and gibberellins

Found in pollen, immature seeds, shoots, and leaves

39
Q

Oligosaccharins

A

Pathogen defense (possible reproductive development)

Found in cell walls

40
Q

Ethylene

A

Promote some defense responses to environmental stress

Formed around lateral buds stimulated by auxin, in pollinated flowers, developing fruits

lows stem and root growth

hastens fruit ripening

increase in respiration in
fruits

allows abscission at fruit peduncles and leaf
petioles

41
Q

Abscisic acid

A

Seed dormancy

Affects stomata opening and closing

Made in mature green leaves, fruits, root caps

produces a yellow area when applied to a green area

very rapid effects; not likely to be due to changes in gene expression

42
Q

salicyclic acid

A

Plant defense responses against pathogens

43
Q

apical dominance depends on combined effects of ____, _____, ______

A

auxin, cytokinins, ethylene

44
Q

final plant form typically determined by a balance of ______ and ______

A

auxin and cytokinins

45
Q

tropism

A

growth responses to external stimuli (irreversible growth)

46
Q

phototropism

A

Stem systems grow toward light (auxin often involved)

47
Q

gravitropism

A

Stems grow up, roots grow down

48
Q

thigmotropism

A

Response to contact; examples are tendrils, venus flytrap closing

49
Q

turgor movements

A

Reversible changes in turgor pressure

Involves active ion import/export, water influx/efflux to relieve osmotic imbalance

Examples are opening/closing stomata, “opening/closing” leaves and flowers

50
Q

photoperiodism

A

response to a length of DARK period

51
Q

long-day plants

A

Flower only when the day length is over 12-16 hours

52
Q

short-day plants

A

AKA “long night” plants

Flower only when day length is shorter than 14 hours

53
Q

Color light most effective in stopping flowering

A

Red light

54
Q

phytochrome

A

A blue pigment with two states (Pr and Pfr) involved in flowering

Affects etiolation

Pfr is biologically active, Pr is not

Pfr becomes Pr over time in the dark

BIOL 1030 (22 decks)

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