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BIOL 1030 > Topic 17: Excretory System (Osmoregulation and Excretion) > Flashcards

Topic 17: Excretory System (Osmoregulation and Excretion) Flashcards

1
Q

Greater osmotic pressure occurs in areas of

A

higher solute concentration

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2
Q

Osmoregulators hypotonic to environment constantly

A

lose water

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3
Q

Examples of osmoregulators hypotonic to environment

A

sea animals and terrestrials

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4
Q

Osmoregulators hypertonic to environment constantly

A

gain water

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5
Q

Examples of osmoregulators hypertonic to environment

A

Freshwater fish, amphibians, etc.

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6
Q

Number of nephrons in humans

A

1 M nephrons in humans

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7
Q

expanded part of ureter that receives urine from kidney

A

Renal pelvis

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8
Q

tuft of capillaries in kidney

A

Glomerulus

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9
Q

expanded end of nephron tubule surrounding glomerulus

A

Bowman’s capsule

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10
Q

returns 2/3 of water and NaCl from filtrate

tubule after bowman’s capsule; located in renal cortex

A

Proximal tubule

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11
Q

creates hypertonic interstitial fluid in medulla

water leaves in descending loop

Na+ and Cl- actively pumped out in ascending loop

tubule loop into medulla, unique to mammals and birds

A

Loop of Henle

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12
Q

H+, K+, other solutes actively pumped into filtrate from the blood

Water leaves filtrate because it’s hypertonicity compared to blood

tubule after loop of Henle; located in renal cortex

A

Distal tubule

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13
Q

water leaves filtrate due to its hypertonicity compared to blood

water permeable

drains from tubule at cortex, merges with other ducts in medulla, empties urine to renal pelvis

A

collecting duct

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14
Q

How much blood passes through kidneys each day

A

2000 L of blood

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15
Q

How much fluid is taken from blood at glomerulus

A

180 L fluid

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16
Q

Urine expelled each day

A

1-2 L

17
Q

Flow of glomerular filtrate

A

nephron tubule at Bowman’s capsule

passes through proximal tubule

loop of Henle

distal tubule

exits as urine into collecting duct

18
Q

Parts of nephron that are water permeable

A

distal tube and collecting duct

19
Q

How is ammonia obtained

A

when amino acids are catabolized

20
Q

method of excretion by secreting from gills

A

flushing

21
Q

method of excretion by cartilaginous fishes, adult amphibians, and mammals

A

Detoxification

22
Q

Method of excretion where ammonia is converted to urea

A

Detoxification

23
Q

method of excretion by reptiles and birds

A

Insolubilization

24
Q

Method of excretion where ammonia converted to uric acid (not water soluble, precipitates, little loss of water)

A

Insolubilization

25
Q

How is uric acid obtained

A

nucleic acid degradation

26
Q

enzyme that turns uric acid into allantoin

A

uricase

27
Q

These animals secrete uric acid because they have no uricase

A

Humans, apes, and dalmations

28
Q

what uric acid turns into after uricase enzyme

A

Allantoin

29
Q

hormone released by posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

30
Q

Hormone that causes more water reabsorbed

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

31
Q

Hormone that increases number of opened water channels in membranes of collecting ducts

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

32
Q

hormone released in response to water conservation

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

33
Q

hormone released by adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone

34
Q

hormone released in response to low [Na+] in blood

A

Aldosterone

35
Q

hormone that increases blood volume (greater retention of salt and water)

A

Aldosterone

36
Q

hormone that increases Na+ reabsorption in distal tubules

A

Aldosterone

37
Q

released by right atrium when stretched by increased blood volume

A

Atrial natriuretic hormone

38
Q

Decreases blood volume (greater excretion of salt and water)

A

Atrial natriuretic hormone

BIOL 1030 (22 decks)

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