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BIOL 1030 > Topic 16: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Topic 16: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic system

A

open accessory in closed systems

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2
Q

blood plasma

A

consists of metabolites, wastes, and hormones

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3
Q

Ions in blood plasma

A

Na, Cl, bicarbonate

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4
Q

Proteins in blood plasma

A

Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, antibodies

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5
Q

Globulins

A

carry lipids and steroid hormones

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6
Q

Leukocytes

how are they different from red blood cells

A

larger than red blood cells, have nucleus

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7
Q

The granular leukocytes are

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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8
Q

Cells for immune defense

A

Neutrophils

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9
Q

Cells for parasite defense

A

Eosinophils

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10
Q

Nongranular leukocytes are

A

monocytes, lymphocytes

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11
Q

precursor to macrophage

A

Monocyte

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12
Q

break off bits of cytoplasm to form platelets and plug a wound; plug reinforced by fibrin

A

Megakaryocytes

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13
Q

Layers of blood vessels from outer to inner

A

endothelium, elastic fibers, smooth muscle, connective tissue

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14
Q

Fish circulation has how many loops

A

single loop

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15
Q

Amphibian circulation has how many chambers in the heart

A

3-chambered heart

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16
Q

What side of circulatory system has more pressure

A

Left side has more pressure

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17
Q

Order of blood flow

A

Body blood > right atrium > right ventricle > lungs > left atrium > left ventricle > body

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18
Q

(pacemaker) starts impulse at atria and sends impulse to AV node

A

SA node

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19
Q

shunts impulse to apex of heart

A

AV node

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20
Q

modified cardiac muscle cells that resemble neurons

provide almost simultaneous contraction of left and right ventricles

A

Purkinje fibers

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21
Q

Functions of shunted impulses

A

slows process so ventricles pump after atria;

squeezes heart from bottom up

22
Q

Transporting systems for respiration

A

hemoglobin, red blood cells, blood plasma

23
Q

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

A

Rate of diffusion is proportional to surface area and partial pressure difference

Rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to travel distance

24
Q

Efficient air exchange mechanics maximize ____________________

A

maximize partial pressure difference

25
Q

Structure of _____ consists of epithelial tissues coated with capillaries

A

gills

26
Q

Flow that maximizes oxygenation in gills

A

Countercurrent flow of blood to water

27
Q

Characteristics of amphibian alveoli

A

large terminal air sacs

surface coated in surfactant that stabilizes

surfactant in lungs composed of lipid and protein

28
Q

how air is forced into lungs of amphibians and bony fish (gills)

A

Positive pressure breathing

29
Q

How amniotes breathe

A

lungs with alveoli

30
Q

alveoli in birds

A

Parabronchi

31
Q

negative pressure in chest due to increasing volume of lungs (more efficient than positive pressure)

requires lungs connected to chest wall

A

Thoracic breathing

32
Q

Organ derived from gill arches

A

trachea

33
Q

Inhalation steps

A

contract exterinal rib intercostals and diaphragm

lift ribs and expands chest cavity

34
Q

Exhalation steps

A

elastic recoil

relaxing muscles snap ribs and chest cavity back in place, forcing air out

35
Q

Number of alveoli humans have

A

300 alveoli

36
Q

Surface area for gas exchange in humans

A

80 m2 of surface area, 42x body surface

37
Q

How birds breathe

A

unidirectional air flow with no residual volume like mammals

38
Q

How partial pressure difference increased in birds

A

only fresh oxygen diffuses across surfaces

39
Q

Steps in two-cycle pump

A

Inhalation 1– air flows through trachea into (nondiffusing) posterior air sacs

Exhalation 1– air flows into lung

Inhalation 2 – air flows from lung to anterior air sacs

Exhalation 2 – air flows out the trachea

40
Q

less efficient than countercurrent flow, more efficient than other amniotes

flow of air and flood perpendicular

A

Cross-current flow

41
Q

synthesized by erythrocytes

each molecule can bind 4 O2 molecules

A

Hemoglobin

42
Q

pO2 in lungs

A

higher so more oxygen will dissolve and combine with hemoglobin

43
Q

pO2 in tissues

A

lower so hemoglobin will give up oxygen

44
Q

lowers blood pH at tissues

weakens hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen

A

CO2

45
Q

CO2 leads to extra unloading of O2

A

Bohr Effect

46
Q

CO2 loading at tissues

A

red blood cells carry CO2 to the lungs in the form of bicarbonate ions

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes formation of carbonic acid, making bicarbonate ions and H+

47
Q

% CO2 dissolved in plasma

A

8% CO2 dissolved in plasma

48
Q

% CO2 bond to hemoglobin

A

20% CO2 bound to hemoglobin

49
Q

CO2 location

A

red blood cell cytoplasm

50
Q

catalyzes formation of carbonic acid

A

Carbonic anhydrase

51
Q

CO2 unloading at lungs

A

Lower [CO2] in alveoli than in blood leads to net diffusion of CO2 out of blood

Carbonic anhydrase proceeds in reverse

51
Q

Cells for inflammatory response

A

Basophils

BIOL 1030 (22 decks)

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