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BIOL 1030 > Topic 14: Animal Skeletal and Muscular Systems > Flashcards

Topic 14: Animal Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

attach bones to bones (joints)

A

Ligaments

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2
Q

attach bones to muscle

dense connective tissue

A

Tendons

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3
Q

(torso) bones such as skull, backbone, ribcage, breastbone, vertebral column

A

Axial skeleton

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4
Q

attached to axial at pectoral girdle or pelvic girdle [hips and shoulders]

A

Appendicular skeleton

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5
Q

Bone function is

A

calcium and phosphate reservoir

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6
Q

not modeled in cartilage first

A

Flat bones

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7
Q

modeled in cartilage first

blood cells made in the bone marrow of this type of bone

A

Long bones

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8
Q

located in spaces of spongy bone

A

Bone marrow

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9
Q

Structure of bone

A

collagen fibers coated in hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium phosphate)

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10
Q

weak and flexible part of bone; redistributes stress to help hydroxyapatite crystals from fracturing

A

Collagen matrix

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11
Q

secrete collagen fibers

A

Osteoblast (cells)

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12
Q

calcified collagen fibers

A

Osteocytes

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13
Q

encase osteocytes

A

Lacunae

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14
Q

narrow channels that run parallel to length of the bone

interconnect and carry blood vessels and nerve fibers

surrounded by lamellae bone layers

A

Halversian canals

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15
Q

thin, concentric layers of bone surrounding Halversian canals

A

Lamellae

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16
Q

openings in bone between osteocytes and the canals

A

Canaliculi

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17
Q

cartilage at ends of bones, involved in joints

A

Articular cartilage

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18
Q

can dissolve bone, allowing remodeling

A

Osteoclasts

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19
Q

nearly immovable joints, joined by connective tissue (fontanels in infants) (ex. cranial bones)

A

Sutures

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20
Q

sutures in human infants

A

fontanels

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21
Q

freely movable joints

A

Synvovial joints

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22
Q

fibrous structure containing ends of bones, strengthened by ligaments

A

Synvovial capsule

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23
Q

degeneration of connective tissue in synvovial joint

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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24
Q

part of tendon that attaches to stationary base

A

Muscle origin

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25
Q

part of tendon that attaches to movable bone

A

Muscle insertion

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26
Q

tendons that decrease joint angle, move bones closer

A

Flexors

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27
Q

tendons that increase joint angle, move bones further apart

A

Extensors

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28
Q

muscle type with long, spindle-shaped, mononuclear cells

A

Smooth muscle

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29
Q

muscle type with slow, maintained contraction with minimal energy use

A

Smooth muscle

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30
Q

muscle type with very long, parallel multinucleate cells (muscle fibers)

A

Skeletal muscle

31
Q

muscle type with rapid contraction with large force

A

Skeletal muscle

32
Q

muscle type with striated, mononuclear branching cells

A

Cardiac muscle

33
Q

separate cardiac muscle cells

A

Intercalated disc

34
Q

Myofilament structure

A

long chains of actin and myosin proteins (also troponin and tropomyosin)

35
Q

(muscle) polymer in thin filaments (2 strings wound in loose double helix)

36
Q

(muscle) spontaneous polymerization in thicker filaments

10x longer than actin

twisted pair of polypeptides

37
Q

dark bands of stacked thick (myosin) filaments

38
Q

light bands of stacked thin (actin) filaments

39
Q

dark lines of dense material in the center of I bands; form anchors for thin filaments

40
Q

lighter region in center of A band, where thin filaments are not present

41
Q

mechanism of contraction

A

Sliding filament

42
Q

Mechanism of contraction:

myosin “pulls” ______ in, reducing size of ____ and _____

A

myosin “pulls” actin in, reducing size of H bands and I bands

43
Q

organizational muscle unit of Z-I-A-H-A-I-Z

44
Q

myosin heads (ATPases) “cock” heads and bind with actin to form cross-bridges

power stroke

myosin head binds to new ATP and releases from actin

A

Cross-bridge cycle in muscle contraction

45
Q

myosin head changes shape and pulls actin toward sarcomere center

A

Power stroke

46
Q

formed where nerve fiber embeds in muscle

A

Neuromuscular junction

47
Q

released by motor neuron at neuromuscular junction

stimulates electrochemical impulse that travels along muscle fiber membrane and opens Ca++ channels

A

Acetylcholine

48
Q

stimulated by acetylcholine; travels along muscle fiber membrane, opening Ca++ channels

A

Electrochemical impulse

49
Q

opened by electrochemical impulse caused by acetylcholine

located on muscle membranes; embedded in SR

A

Ca++ channels

50
Q

have Ca++ channels embedded in it

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR

51
Q

SR wraps around myofibril

calcium pump actively transports Ca++ into SR, flooding its sarcoplasm

Ca++ and troponin move tropomyosin out of the way so myosin binds to actin

A

Effect of opening Ca++ channels

52
Q

located in SR, flooded with Ca++ when calcium channels open

A

Sarcoplasm

53
Q

bound to tropomyosin

this in addition to Ca++ move tropomyosin out of the way so myosin binds to actin

54
Q

When does contraction end?

A

Ca++ pumped back into SR

55
Q

Ca++ is responsible for this

A

Excitation-contraction coupling

56
Q

covers myosin binding site on actin in resting muscle

A

Tropomyosin

57
Q

repetitive firing of motor neuron

increased stimulation rate (increased [Ca++], increased total contraction force, and smooth, forceful (individual) contractions)

58
Q

Summation increases the rate of stimulation, which leads to these effects

A

increased [Ca++]

increased total contraction force

smooth, forceful (individual) contractions

59
Q

In summation, ______ must be faster than individual ________

A

Neuron firing frequency must be faster than individual muscle twitch

60
Q

how fast muscle will contract and relax

61
Q

maximum contraction value (smooth, sustained)

62
Q

multiple, larger motor units are activated to increase contraction force

A

Recruitment

63
Q

innervates many muscle fibers (or motor units)

A

Motor neuron

64
Q

set of muscle fibers controlled by one neuron

A

Motor unit

65
Q

initiates impulse in cardiac muscle

66
Q

Cardiac muscle have no ______ or ______

A

summation or tetanus

67
Q

2 myocardias in the heart: one for _____ and _____

A

One for 2 atria (receive blood)

One for 2 ventricles (pump blood to lungs and body)

68
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle contraction:

A

Not organized in sarcomeres

Myosin molecules attached to dense bodies or muscle membrane

No SR

69
Q

Effects of no SR in smooth muscle contraction

A

Ca++ comes from extracellular space

Ca++ channels opened by automatic neurotransmitter activation

Ca++ binds to calmodulin, which activates MLCK to phosphorylate myosin heads and activate them

70
Q

Ca++ in sarcoplasm binds to this, which then activates MLCK

A

Calmodulin

71
Q

phosphorylates myosin heads, activating them; activated by Ca++/calmodulin combination

A

Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)

72
Q

slightly movable

bones bridged entirely
by cartilage

A

Cartilaginous joints

73
Q

Vertebral bones are an example of ____ joints

A

cartilaginous joints

BIOL 1030 (22 decks)

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